The Impact of the exchange rate unification on trade balance in Myanmar

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2016This study analyzes the impacts of the exchange rate unification on the trade balance in Myanmar based on Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model. This paper’s main objective is to determine whether the exchange rate has positive or negative effects on the trade balance. This study has discovered that the exchange rate unification has a positive effect on the trade balance in the long run. Additionally, this study finds that Exchange Rate and Foreign Direct Investment have positive effects on the trade balance while GDP growth rate and Inflation has negative impact in the long run. As a policy implication, this study suggests that the government should focus on economic stability and effective monetary policies within the country. Moreover, Myanmar’s new exchange rate system should align with the market speculators without priority of either exporters or importers.1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Empirical Analysis of the Exchange Rate Unification 4 Results and Discussion 5 Summary, Conclusions and Policy RecommendationsmasterpublishedZar Kyi WIN

Myanmar traditional medicine formulations and their antioxidant, antiglycation and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities: Potentials for antidiabetes complications

Myanmar Traditional Medicine (MTM) has been used since ancient times to treat life-threatening diseases like diabetes. In this study, various in vitro assays were used to prove that four MTM formulations were effective at treating diabetes. Antioxidant activities were determined using in vitro DPPH, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (SO) radical scavenging assays. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to quantify the total phenolic content, while the BSA-fluorescent antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays were utilized to determine the antidiabetic activity of MTMs. Among the tested samples, MTM3 showed the best activities for almost all the biological assays tested in this experiment with the % inhibition of 82.89 ± 1.64 for NO and 65.02 ± 2.82 for SO radical scavenging activity, 92.12 ± 1.18 for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and IC50 of 180.29 ± 1.6 µg/ml for the antiglycation activity. It also possessed the highest total phenolic content of 149.41 ± 3.7 mg GAE/g of extract/l among the tested samples. Therefore, the findings suggested that MTM could help diabetic patients improve their quality of life through antioxidant activity against several free radicals and their antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibitory characteristics

Design and Analysis of Three-phase 230 kV Transmission Line in the North-East of Myanmar

Long transmission lines are required to transmit power from hydroelectric power stations to the places of load, as the sites of water power would be far away from the load centers. In this paper, it designed and analyzed three-phase 230 kV transmission line for the North-East of Myanmar. Shweli hydroelectric power station generates the power of 90 MW for Shweli-Mandalay (Shwe Sar Yan) transmission line portion. The length of the transmission line from Shweli to Shwe Sar Yan is 287.93 km. It aims to distribute electricity to Lashio and Kyaukme districts, Northern Shan State and to transport electricity to Mandalay (Shwe Sar Yan) by using 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit transmission line. The purpose of this paper is to transmit optimum power at a given power factor, over a given distance and regulation, efficiency and losses

Effect of different water regimes on nematode reproduction, root galling, plant growth and yield of a lowland and upland Asian rice cultivar grown in two soil types infested by the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

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Evaluation of the host response of lowland and upland rice varieties from Myanmar to the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is considered one of the most potentially important nematode pathogens of rice, especially in South and Southeast Asia, in a range of rice production systems. Identification of M. graminicola-resistant or -tolerant rice varieties will enable breeding programmes to develop rice varieties which are able to limit yield losses caused by this nematode species. The host response to M. graminicola infection of 15 lowland rice varieties and 9 upland rice varieties, which are being grown in the summer-irrigated lowland and rainfed upland rice ecosystems in Myanmar, was evaluated in two experiments under screenhouse conditions. The lowland rice experiment was carried out under intermittently flooded conditions in a clay loam soil (i.e. simulating the summer-irrigated lowland rice ecosystem) and the upland rice experiment was carried out at field capacity in a sandy loam soil (i.e. simulating the monsoon rainfed upland rice ecosystem). None of the15 lowland and 9 upland rice varieties were resistant to M. graminicola infection although differences in susceptibility and sensitivity were observed. Six (or 40%) out of the 15 lowland varieties examined were classified as less susceptible (LS) to M. graminicola infection, five (or 33.3%) as moderately susceptible (MS) while four (or 26.7%) as highly susceptible (HS). One (or 11.1%) out of the nine upland varieties examined was classified as LS to M. graminicola infection, three (or 33.3%) as MS while five (or 55.6%) as HS. Five (or 33.3%) out of the 15 lowland varieties examined were classified as either less sensitive or tolerant to M. graminicola infection. One (or 11.1%) out of the nine upland varieties examined was classified as tolerant to M. graminicola infection. This study offers interesting information for the farmer regarding which rice variety should be grown in M. graminicola-infested fields under either lowland or upland conditions. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.status: publishe

Population dynamics of Meloidogyne graminicola and Hirschmanniella oryzae in a double rice-cropping sequence in the lowlands of Myanmar

The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, and the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae, are considered potentially important nematode pathogens in lowland rice. A study was undertaken from December 2009 until December 2010 in the Ayeyarwady River Delta, the major lowland rice-producing area of Myanmar, to monitor the population dynamics of M. graminicola and H. oryzae in a naturally infested field. Root samples of the two rice varieties Yatanartoe and Taungpyan that are commonly cultivated in double rice-cropping sequences in Myanmar and represent irrigated and rainfed lowland rice varieties, respectively, were obtained for nematode analysis. During the summer-irrigated rice-growing season the root population density of second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. graminicola showed two distinct peaks – at the maximum tillering stage of the rice plants in January and at the heading stage of the rice plants in March 2010. With the onset of the monsoon rains, the J2 population densities in the roots of ratoon rice plants gradually decreased in May. During the rainfed monsoon rice-growing season, very low population densities of M. graminicola J2 were detected in the roots of rice plants, while the root population density of H. oryzae juveniles and adults showed two distinct peaks – at the maximum tillering stage of the rice plants in August and at the heading stage of the rice plants in October 2010. With the onset of the dry season, population density of H. oryzae in the roots reached the lowest density at harvest in November. Root galling caused by M. graminicola followed the same trend as the J2 population densities throughout the irrigated season. No root galls were observed during the monsoon season. Our results can be used for practical purposes aimed at a better management of both M. graminicola and H. oryzae.http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15685411-0000271

Effect of planting and irrigation practices on nematode reproduction, root galling, plant growth and yield of two Asian lowland rice varieties infected by the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

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Effect of different water regimes on nematode reproduction, root galling, plant growth and yield of lowland and upland Asian rice varieties grown in two soil types infested by the rice root–knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

In a screenhouse experiment, plants of the lowland rice variety Thihtayin and the upland rice variety Kone Myint 2 were grown in two soil types (clay loam and sandy loam), inoculated with 3,000 Meloidogyne graminicola second-stage juveniles (J2) per plant and from 6 weeks onwards maintained until harvest under three water regimes: permanently flooded, intermittently flooded and upland (monsoon rainfed) conditions. Both varieties were susceptible to M. graminicola infection under all three water regimes and in both soil types but differences in susceptibility were observed between the two varieties and among the treatments. The effect of water regime on the number of eggs and J2 of M. graminicola inside the roots was lower than expected: with one exception no significant effects were observed of any of the water regimes on the root population density in both rice varieties in both soil types. This observation may be explained by the delayed flooding, which started 6 days after nematode inoculation for the permanent and intermittent flooding water regimes. In both varieties and in both soil types, the root galling index was significantly lower on permanently flooded plants (< 4.5) compared with plants that had been either intermittent flooded or grown under upland conditions (≥ 5.0). The highest root galling indices were always observed on plants grown under upland conditions (7.0-8.5). Permanent flooding prevented the suppression of most plant growth and yield-contributing traits measured. Moreover, permanent flooding also prevented significant yield loss in plants of both varieties grown in the clay loam soil and in plants of variety Thihtatyin grown in the sandy loam soil. The results of our study confirm again the enormous impact M graminicola infection can have on the yield of both lowland and upland rice varieties. With the exception of one treatment, yield loss was always higher than 20% and even almost 100% (yield failure) in plants of both varieties grown in the sandy loam soil under upland conditions. Although yield losses caused by nematodes carried out under screenhouse experiments tend to result in an overestimation of these losses, the results of our screenhouse experiments show that yield losses caused on Asian rice by M. graminicola must be very high also under field conditions in the farmer's field