153 research outputs found
Commissioning of large vacuum systems
This paper will give an overview of the various steps of the commissioning of large vacuum systems for accelerators. Following some introductory remarks, the pump-down, leak check, bake-out as well as component, interlock, and safety checks will be covered in detail. Special emphasis will be given to beam vacuum systems in combination with cryogenic systems. Finally, the transition from the commissioning phase to beam operation will be treated. Practical examples will illustrate most of the topics
Particle Free Pump Down and Venting of UHV Vacuum Systems
Abstract Vacuum systems containing superconducting cavities which have to be operated at high gradients need to preserve the cleanliness of the superconducting cavity surfaces. In addition to an adequate preparation of the cavities and the neighbouring vacuum components special care needs to be taken during pump down and venting. Neither should be particles introduced into the vacuum system, nor should particles already present within the system be moved towards critical areas. For the superconducting linear accelerators of FLASH and the European XFEL at DESY a series of measurements have been performed to study the movement of particles in long tubes during pump down and venting. For this purpose an in-situ vacuum particle counter has been used. By reducing and varying the gas flow during these processes, it is possible to perform these actions without moving particles present inside such systems. Based on these measurements a set-up using various filters, flow controllers and a pressure gauge has been developed to avoid introducing particles into the vacuum system as well as moving existing particles. This set-up allows automated pump-down and venting of critical vacuum systems in a reliable and reproducible way, being much faster than the procedures used so far
A surprising method for polarising antiprotons
We propose a method for polarising antiprotons in a storage ring by means of
a polarised positron beam moving parallel to the antiprotons. If the relative
velocity is adjusted to the cross section for spin-flip is
as large as about barn as shown by new QED-calculations of
the triple spin-cross sections. Two possibilities for providing a positron
source with sufficient flux density are presented. A polarised positron beam
with a polarisation of 0.70 and a flux density of approximately /(mm s) appears to be feasible by means of a radioactive C
dc-source. A more involved proposal is the production of polarised positrons by
pair production with circularly polarised photons. It yields a polarisation of
0.76 and requires the injection into a small storage ring. Such polariser
sources can be used at low (100 MeV) as well as at high (1 GeV) energy storage
rings providing a time of about one hour for polarisation build-up of about
antiprotons to a polarisation of about 0.18. A comparison with other
proposals show a gain in the figure-of-merit by a factor of about ten.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures; v2: minor language and signification corrections
v3: (14 pages, 12 figures) major error, nonapplicable polarisation transfer
cross sections replaced by the mandatory spin-flip cross section
Nonperiodic echoes from mushroom billiard hats
Mushroom billiards have the remarkable property to show one or more clear cut
integrable islands in one or several chaotic seas, without any fractal
boundaries. The islands correspond to orbits confined to the hats of the
mushrooms, which they share with the chaotic orbits. It is thus interesting to
ask how long a chaotic orbit will remain in the hat before returning to the
stem. This question is equivalent to the inquiry about delay times for
scattering from the hat of the mushroom into an opening where the stem should
be. For fixed angular momentum we find that no more than three different delay
times are possible. This induces striking nonperiodic structures in the delay
times that may be of importance for mesoscopic devices and should be accessible
to microwave experiments.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. E without the appendi
A Method to Polarize Stored Antiprotons to a High Degree
Polarized antiprotons can be produced in a storage ring by spin--dependent
interaction in a purely electron--polarized hydrogen gas target. The polarizing
process is based on spin transfer from the polarized electrons of the target
atoms to the orbiting antiprotons. After spin filtering for about two beam
lifetimes at energies MeV using a dedicated large acceptance
ring, the antiproton beam polarization would reach . Polarized
antiprotons would open new and unique research opportunities for spin--physics
experiments in interactions
Open Mushrooms: Stickiness revisited
We investigate mushroom billiards, a class of dynamical systems with sharply
divided phase space. For typical values of the control parameter of the system
, an infinite number of marginally unstable periodic orbits (MUPOs) exist
making the system sticky in the sense that unstable orbits approach regular
regions in phase space and thus exhibit regular behaviour for long periods of
time. The problem of finding these MUPOs is expressed as the well known problem
of finding optimal rational approximations of a real number, subject to some
system-specific constraints. By introducing a generalized mushroom and using
properties of continued fractions, we describe a zero measure set of control
parameter values for which all MUPOs are destroyed and therefore
the system is less sticky. The open mushroom (billiard with a hole) is then
considered in order to quantify the stickiness exhibited and exact leading
order expressions for the algebraic decay of the survival probability function
are calculated for mushrooms with triangular and rectangular stems.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures. Includes discussion of a three-dimensional
mushroo
Machine studies for the development of storage cells at the ANKE facility of COSY
We present a measurement of the transverse intensity distributions of the
COSY proton beam at the target interaction point at ANKE at the injection
energy of 45 MeV, and after acceleration at 2.65 GeV. At 2.65 GeV, the machine
acceptance was determined as well. From the intensity distributions the beam
size is determined, and together with the measured machine acceptance, the
dimensions of a storage cell for the double-polarized experiments with the
polarized internal gas target at the ANKE spectrometer are specified. An
optimum storage cell for the ANKE experiments should have dimensions of 15mm x
20mm x 390mm (vertical x horizontal x longitudinal), whereby a luminosity of
about 2.5*10^29 cm^-2*s^-1 with beams of 10^10 particles stored in COSY could
be reached.Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures, 4 table
Beam-Induced Nuclear Depolarisation in a Gaseous Polarised Hydrogen Target
Spin-polarised atomic hydrogen is used as a gaseous polarised proton target
in high energy and nuclear physics experiments operating with internal beams in
storage rings. When such beams are intense and bunched, this type of target can
be depolarised by a resonant interaction with the transient magnetic field
generated by the beam bunches. This effect has been studied with the HERA
positron beam in the HERMES experiment at DESY. Resonances have been observed
and a simple analytic model has been used to explain their shape and position.
Operating conditions for the experiment have been found where there is no
significant target depolarisation due to this effect.Comment: REVTEX, 6 pages, 5 figure
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