Social reporting in the 1970s and 1990s

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How to evaluate German unification?

The title of this contribution is a question with a double meaning: On the one hand it refers to the method, on the other hand it refers to the results of German unification. After a preview of recent evaluations we discuss comparisons of the Federal Republic and the GDR from the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s. Five asymmetries between the two German states are delineated: Size and population, economic strength, migration, travel and mass-communication, massexit and mass protest. Next we resume our theses of a stabilizing transformation, East German counter arguments and the most recent research results on living-conditions, political culture, convergences and divergences. --

How to evaluate German unification?

The title of this contribution is a question with a double meaning: On the one hand it refers to the method, on the other hand it refers to the results of German unification. After a preview of recent evaluations we discuss comparisons of the Federal Republic and the GDR from the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s. Five asymmetries between the two German states are delineated: Size and population, economic strength, migration, travel and mass-communication, massexit and mass protest. Next we resume our theses of a stabilizing transformation, East German counter arguments and the most recent research results on living-conditions, political culture, convergences and divergences

Bestimmungsgründe von Arbeitszeitkonten bei Betrieben und Beschäftigten

Arbeitszeitkonten ermöglichen es Arbeitszeiten zu variieren und den Arbeitseinsatz an das Arbeitsaufkommen anzupassen. Mit logistischen Regressionsmodellen und Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels wird in einem ersten Schritt analysiert, welche Faktoren Arbeitszeitkonten in Betrieben bestimmen. Die industriellen Beziehungen und betriebliche Beschäftigungsstruktur sind wesentliche Determinanten. In einem zweiten Schritt wird mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels analysiert, welche Faktoren den Zugang von Beschäftigten zu einem Arbeitszeitkonto bestimmen. Beschäftigte mit einem höheren Maß an Humankapital haben überdurchschnittlich häufig Zugang zu einem Arbeitszeitkonto, während geringfügig beschäftigte Frauen und befristet beschäftigte Männer unterdurchschnittlich häufig Arbeitszeitkonten haben

Effect of Additives on Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Setting Reaction Product Formation

Introduction Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) sets via hydration of calcium silicates to yield calcium silicate hydrates and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). However, a drawback of MTA is its long setting time. Therefore, many additives have been suggested to reduce the setting time. The effect those additives have on setting reaction product formation has been ignored. The objective was to examine the effect additives have on MTA\u27s setting time and setting reaction using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Methods MTA powder was prepared with distilled water (control), phosphate buffered saline, 5% calcium chloride (CaCl2), 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or lidocaine in a 3:1 mixture and placed in crucibles for DSC evaluation. The setting exothermic reactions were evaluated at 37°C for 8 hours to determine the setting time. Separate samples were stored and evaluated using dynamic DSC scans (37°C→640°C at10°C/min) at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months (n = 9/group/time). Dynamic DSC quantifies the reaction product formed from the amount of heat required to decompose it. Thermographic peaks were integrated to determine enthalpy, which was analyzed with analysis of variance/Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results Isothermal DSC identified 2 main exothermal peaks occurring at 44 ± 12 and 343 ± 57 minutes for the control. Only the CaCl2 additive was an accelerant, which was observed by a greater exothermic peak at 101 ± 11 minutes, indicating a decreased setting time. The dynamic DSC scans produced an endothermic peak around 450°C–550°C attributed to Ca(OH)2 decomposition. The use of a few additives (NaOCl and lidocaine) resulted in significantly less Ca(OH)2 product formation. Conclusions DSC was used to discriminate calcium hydroxide formation in MTA mixed with various additives and showed NaOCl and lidocaine are detrimental to MTA reaction product formation, whereas CaCl2 accelerated the reaction

Individual and workplace-specific determinants of paid and unpaid overtime work in Germany

In Germany, overtime work is a well-established instrument for varying working hours of employees and is of great importance for establishments as a measure of internal flexibility. However, not all employees are affected to the same degree by a variation of the work effort through overtime work. Besides socio-demographic factors, workplace-specific factors that provide information about the position of employees in the establishment play an important role, too. So far, we do not know enough how these workplace-specific factors are associated with overtime work. This question is at the center of this study. In the analysis, women and part-time employees are taken into account, while previous studies mostly focused on full-time employees and/or male workers. On the basis of the data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), the results show a significant negative correlation between women and paid overtime and between part-time employees and unpaid overtime. If the employees performance is regularly assessed by a superior, paid overtime is less likely, while unpaid overtime becomes more likely. In executive positions, there is a significant positive correlation with paid and unpaid overtime work. Unpaid overtime is more likely with a growing autonomy in the employees' workplace, whereas paid overtime becomes less likely. However, the length of the training period on the job as well as job related burdens due to a job at risk and a limited employment contract seem to have no association with paid or unpaid overtime

Die Transformation in der ehemaligen DDR und die soziologische Theorie der Modernisierung

Im ersten Teil dieser Vorlesung wird die Entwicklung der objektiven und der subjektiven Wohlfahrt der Bevölkerung in der ehemaligen DDR seit 1990 anhand von Umfragedaten rekonstruiert. Eine klare Verbesserung der Einkommenssituation geht einher mit einer klaren Verschlechterung der Stimmung, d.h. mit zunehmenden Unzufriedenheiten, Sorgen und Ängsten (I). Bei den Erklärungen für diese Konstellation wird im zweiten Teil vor allem auf ostdeutsche Autoren selbst zurückgegriffen. Sie heben den Zusammenbruch gewohnter Lebensweisen sowie die paradoxen Effekte einer nachholenden Abstandnahme sowie einer von oben eingeführten Liberalisierung hervor, die im Augenblick die positiven Möglichkeiten der neuen Freiheiten noch eindämmen (II). Im dritten Teil werden die Transitionsprobleme als ein besonderer Fall von Modernisierungsproblemen behandelt. Die gegenwärtige theoretische Diskussion um Modernisierung und Moderne wird rekapituliert (III). Abschließend folgen einige Beobachtungen über die Rückwirkungen der Transition in Deutschland auf die alte Bundesrepublik (IV).The first part of this lecture reconstructs, by help of survey data, the development of objective welfare and subjective welfare of the population of the former GDR (East Germany) since 1990. It can be observed how a definite improvement of incomes concurs with a clear deterioration of the public mood, expressed in dissatisfaction, sorrows and fears (I). In explaining this constellation we draw mostly upon East German authors and their analyses. They demonstrate the breakdown of established ways of life and the paradoxical effects of a belated distance towards the West and resistance towards a liberalization by orders. These features, at present, restrict the positive potentials of the new freedom (II). In the third part transition problems are discussed as a special case of modernization problems. The current theoretical debate on modernization is recapitulated (III). In conclusion, some observations about repercussions of the German transition for the former Federal Republic (West Germany) are noted (IV)