Capparaceae

Hierbas, arbustos o árboles pequeños, raro lianas. Hojas generalmente alternas, simples o compuestas, 3-5-7-folioladas, con estípulas espinescentes, herbáceas o sin ellas. Inflorescencias racimosas terminales o axilares, raro flores solitarias. Flores perfectas, a veces imperfectas por aborto, actinomorfas o cigomorfas. Sépalos 4, libres o raro unidos en la base. Pétalos 4, libres, aplanados, cóncavos o unguiculados. Estambres (1-4-) 6, raro reducidos a estaminodios, filamentos libres y largos, anteras bitécicas de dehiscencia longitudinal. Ovario bicarpelar, unilocular, súpero sobre un ginóforo largo o corto, hasta casi sésil, placentación parietal. Ovulos campilótropos, pocos a numerosos. Fruto seco capsular o carnoso abayado sésil o sobre un carpóforo proveniente del ginóforo. Semillas reniformes, lisas o rugosas, exalbuminadas o con endosperma escaso, embrión arqueado

Poaceae - Tribu Pappophoreae

Plantas anuales o perennes. Láminas planas o convolutas. Panoja laxa o contraída, a veces subespiciforme. Espiguillas 3-plurifloras, basítonas. Raquilla articulada por encima de las glumas. Glumas 2, 1-plurinervias. Antecios rígidos cayendo en un cuerpo. Lemma 7-9-13-nervia, con el ápice terminado en aristas simples o ramificadas, iguales o no, formando un penacho. Flores perfectas casmógamas y cleistógamas. Estambres 3. Cariopse libre entre las glumelas, hilo oval-punctiforme. Embrión de tipo panicoide. Cromosomas x=9, 10. Anatomía foliar tipo cloridoide, con disposición Kranz. Esta Tribu comprende 5 géneros, de los cuales 3 viven en América. Está representada en nuestro país por los géneros Pappophorum Schreb., Cottea Kunth‚ y Enneapogon Desv. Son géneros estivales de zonas semiáridas, presentes en Salta y el valle de Lerma

Openness to experience and cognitive functioning and decline in older adults: The mediating role of cognitive reserve

Objective Openness to experience has been consistently associated with better cognitive functioning in older people, but its association with cognitive decline is less clear. Cognitive reserve has been proposed as a mechanism underlying this relationship, but previous studies have reported mixed findings, possibly due to the different ways of conceptualizing cognitive reserve. We aimed to analyze the potential mediating role of cognitive reserve in the association between openness and cognitive functioning and decline in healthy older people. Method In Wave 1 and at the four-year follow-up (Wave 2), 87 healthy older people (49.4% women; M age = 65.08, SD = 4.54) completed a neuropsychological battery to assess cognitive functioning and a questionnaire to assess cognitive reserve. Openness was measured with the NEO- Five-Factor Inventory. Mediation models were proposed to investigate the relationship between openness and cognitive function or decline through cognitive reserve or its change. Results Cognitive reserve mediated the openness-cognitive functioning association. Thus, individuals with higher openness showed greater cognitive reserve, and this greater cognitive reserve was associated with better cognitive functioning. Moreover, greater cognitive reserve at baseline also mediated the association between higher openness and slower cognitive decline. However, change in cognitive reserve did not mediate the association between openness and change in cognitive functioning. Conclusions Cognitive reserve is a mechanism underlying the association between openness and cognitive functioning and decline. These findings support the differential preservation hypothesis, suggesting that healthy older adults who engage in more cognitively stimulating activities would show less age-related cognitive decline

Preliminary studies on the reproductive biology of Enterolobium contortisiliquum

At present ten neotropical species of Enterolobium are known from Central to South America. Of them, only some aspects of the reproductive biology of E. cyclocarpum, a Mesoamerican species, are known at present. In Argentina grow Enterolobium contortisiliqumm (Vell.) Morong. Its reproductive biology is still unknown, in order to elucidate this, morphologic studies on the flowers of several populations were analized.  The flowers are disposed in piramidal double racemes of heads.  When anthesis occur two kind of flowers  can be distinguished:  1) Perfect flowers with the anthers open exposing the polyads (till four in each theca), stigma receptive, ovary with ovules, an annular and a prominent nectary at the base of the staminal tube. 2) Staminate flowers with the anthers open exposing the polyads (till four in each theca), an annular nectary at the base of the staminal tube less prominent than in the perfect ones.  The pollen is produced in pseudoacalymated polyads. The description of   the species is here amended because of the two morphs that have been found.  The specific description is modified. Two floral morphs can be recognized: perfect flowers (donor and receptor of pollen) and staminate flowers (donor of pollen). When the staminate flowers are present, constitutes in average the 14.57 % of the head (range 0-100%, n = 858).  In consequence, not all the flowers can produce fruits, so the whole inflorescence, a double raceme of heads, act as a long - distance attraction unit to pollinators.Â

Hair cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone and their associations with optimism and pessimism in older people

The cumulative negative effects of prolonged Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis) activation are associated with several age-related diseases. Some psychological traits such as optimism and pessimism have been shown to be related to both health and the stress response, although their relationship with the HPA axis is inconclusive. More stable HPA axis biomarkers, such as hair samples of cortisol (HC) and dehydroepiandrosterone (HDHEA), would help to clarify the association between these psychological traits and HPA axis functioning. The main aim of this study was to test the relationships between optimism and pessimism and chronic stress biomarkers measured in hair (HC and HDHEA). Additionally, a secondary objective was to explore sex differences in HC and HDHEA levels and their relationship with these psychological traits. We measured optimism, pessimism, and their combination (dispositional optimism) using the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R) and chronic stress biomarkers (HC and HDHEA) in 119 healthy participants (46 men and 73 women) between 56 and 81 years old who belonged to a university program. Regression analyses controlling for perceived stress and BMI indicated that higher dispositional optimism was related to lower HC and HC:HDHEAratio (β = -0.256, p = .008 and β = -0.300, p = .002, respectively). More specifically, higher pessimism was related to higher HC (β = 0.235; p = .012) and HC:HDHEAratio (β = 0.240; p = .011), whereas higher optimism was associated with a lower HC:HDHEAratio(β = -0.205; p = .031). Moderation analyses showed no sex differences. To date, this is the first study to investigate the link between these traits and HC and HDHEA in older people. Our results confirm that positive and negative expectations about the future (i.e. optimism and pessimism) may play an important role in health due to their relationship with the HPA axis. They also strengthen the idea that the negative effects of pessimism have a greater weight than the protective effects of optimism in their relationship with HPA axis regulation

Quejas subjetivas de memoria en jóvenes; su relación con el rendimiento cognitivo objetivo y el papel del neuroticismo

Perceptions of recurrent forgetfulness or episodes of distraction in daily life are referred to as subjective memory complaints (SMCs). Their nature has been extensively studied in older adults, but their significance and relationship with neurocognitive performance have not been fully addressed in younger adults. Some psychological traits have been suggested as possible moderators of the association between objective and subjective memory performance. The first aim of this study was to analyze the correspondence between the objective and subjective perception of memory failures in young people. Second, we studied whether the psychological trait of neuroticism could be influencing this relationship. Todo this, we measured SMCs, different cognitive domains (episodic and working memory and executive functions), and neuroticism in 80 young men and women. Results showed that only immediate episodic memory was statistically related to SMCs. Interestingly, the negative relationships between objective and subjective memory performance only appeared in participants with higher neuroticism. Thus, memory complaints reported by young people could reflect poorer immediate episodic memory performance, whereas neuroticism would play a main role in the association between memory deficits and SMCs. This study provides data that can help to bet-ter understand SMCs in young people.Las percepciones de olvidos recurrentes o episodios de distracción en la vida diaria se denominan quejas subjetivas de memoria (QSM). Su naturaleza se ha estudiado ampliamente en adultos mayores, pero su importancia y relación con el rendimiento neurocognitivo no se han abordado por completo en adultos más jóvenes. Se han sugerido algunos rasgos psicológicos como posibles moderadores de la asociación entre el rendimiento de la memoria objetiva y subjetiva. El primer objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la correspondencia entre la percepción objetiva y subjetiva de los fallos de memoria en jóvenes. En segundo lugar, estudiamos si el rasgo psicológico del neuroticismo podría estar influyendo en esta relación. Para ello, medimos QSM, diferentes dominios cognitivos (memoria episódica y de trabajo y funciones ejecutivas) y neuroticismo en 80 hombres y mujeres jóvenes. Los resultados mostraron que solo la memoria episódica inmediata estaba estadísticamente relacionada con los QSM. Curiosamente, las relaciones negativas entre el rendimiento de la memoria objetiva y subjetiva solo aparecieron en participantes con mayor neuroticismo. Por lo tanto, las quejas de memoria reportadas por los jóvenes podrían reflejar un peor rendimiento de la memoria episódica inmediata, mientras que el neuroticismo jugaría un papel principal en la asociación entre los déficits de memoria y las QSM. Este estudio proporciona datos que pueden ayudar a comprender mejor las QSM en los jóvene

EEG markers and subjective memory complaints in young and older people

Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) have been related to subtle cognitive deficits and neural changes. In this study, we investigated whether EEG rhythms, usually altered in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, are also affected in SMCs compared to people without SMCs. Seventy-one older adults (55–74 years old) and 75 young people (18–34 years old) underwent 3 min of EEG recording in a resting-state condition with their eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) and a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The EEG measures included were power spectral delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and EEG reactivity to EO. Compared to controls, older people with SMCs showed increased theta power and a loss of alpha reactivity to EO. Additionally, in older participants with SMCs, the theta power spectral was related to deficits in verbal memory. In contrast, we failed to find differences in the young people with SMCs, compared to the control group, in the power spectral or the EEG reactivity to EO. Our findings suggest that neurophysiological markers of brain dysfunction may identify cognitive changes even before they are observed on objective neuropsychological tests, at least in older people

Avances en el estudio de las especies de Tabebuia (Bignoniaceae) y su cultivo en la selva subtropical del noroeste argentino

El género Tabebuia está representado en la Selva Subtropical de Noroeste Argentino por 5 especies nativas: T. impetiginosa “lapacho rosado”, T. lapacho “lapacho amarillo”, T. ochracea “lapacho amarillo”, T. aurea “paratodo”, primera mención en la región, y T. aguaragüensis, especie recientemente descubierta. Estas se distribuyen en diferentes pisos altitudinales y su presencia/abundancia se encuentra también determinada por la latitud. Por otra parte todas las especies nativas y algunas exóticas son intensamente cultivadas en la región. Algunas de las especies exóticas más frecuentes en cultivo en el NOA son: T. heptaphylla “lapacho negro, ipe, lapacho rosado misionero” del NEA; T. insignis “lapacho blanco” de Colombia, Venezuela, Guayanas, Brasil y Bolivia; T. chrysotricha “lapachillo” de la costa de Brasil y T. aff. chrysantha, de procedencia desconocida, aunque en general todas las especies nativas también se encuentran cultivadas. Se analiza la distribución de las especies nativas en la región, el desarrollo y crecimiento en vivero de ellas y de las exóticas mencionadas, hasta su etapa de transplante a plantación definitiva. Se brindan datos para su reconocimiento en estado de plantín.EEA YutoFil: Zapater, María Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Califano, Laura Maria. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto; ArgentinaFil: Del Castillo, Elvio Mario. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto; Argentin

Deficits in facial emotional valence processing in older people with subjective memory complaints: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence

Subjective memory complaints (SMCs), which occur in the absence of clinical memory deficits, may precede mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer''s disease (AD). Some studies have reported a deficit in facial emotion processing in people with MCI or AD. However, it is unclear whether this deficit is also present in older people with SMCs. The present study used behavioral measurements and event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the facial emotion processing of 41 older people with SMCs and 38 without SMCs. The task contained 204 images displaying facial emotions (positive, negative, and neutral). In terms of behavior, our results showed that participants with SMCs were slower and less accurate than controls. In terms of ERPs, the N170 latency was longer in men with SMCs than in controls, whereas no differences were observed between groups in the P300 and late positive potential (LPP) latencies or amplitudes. Moreover, in participants with SMCs, higher P300 and LPP amplitudes were related to better performance on working memory, psychomotor speed, and attention. Additionally, women were faster and more accurate than men on the facial emotion-processing task. In sum, these results suggest that older people with SMCs may have deficits in the processing of facial expressions of emotion. However, this deficit seems to affect the structural encoding of faces, rather than the late stages of processing

Selva de yungas del noroeste argentino: Jujuy, Salta y Tucumán

Lineamientos silvícolas y económicos que sirvan para la recuperación ambiental y productiva de uno de los ecosistemas de mayor relevancia del noroeste.EEA YutoFil: Del Castillo, Elvio Mario. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental de Cultivos Tropicales Yuto; ArgentinaFil: Zapater, María Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Cátedra Botánica Sistemática; ArgentinaFil: Gil, Miriam Norma. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Cátedra Botánica Sistemática; ArgentinaFil: Tarnowski, Christian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental de Cultivos Tropicales Yuto; Argentin