An Ethical Approach to Data Privacy Protection

Privacy, trust and security are closely intertwined, as are law and ethics. Privacy preservation and security provisions rely on trust (e.g., one will allow only those whom one trusts to enter one’s zone of inaccessibility; one will not feel secure unless one trusts the security provider). Violation of privacy constitutes a risk, thus, a threat to security. Law provides a resolution when ethics cannot (e.g., ethics knows that stealing is wrong; the law punishes thieves); ethics can provide context to law (e.g., law allows trading for the purpose of making a profit, but ethics provides input into ensuring trade is conducted fairly). Privacy breaches disturb trust and run the risk of diluting or losing security; it is a show of disrespect to the law and a violation of ethical principles. Data privacy (or information privacy or data protection) is about access, use and collection of data, and the data subject’s legal right to the data. This refers to: • Freedom from unauthorized access to private data • Inappropriate use of data• Accuracy and completeness when collecting data about a person or persons (corporations included) by technology • Availability of data content, and the data subject’s legal right to access; ownership • The rights to inspect, update or correct these data Data privacy is also concerned with the costs if data privacy is breached, and such costs include the socalled hard costs (e.g., financial penalties imposed by regulators, compensation payments in lawsuits such as noncompliance with contractual principles) and the soft costs (e.g., reputational damage, loss of client trust). Though different cultures put different values on privacy or make it impossible to define a stable, universal value, there is broad consensus that privacy does have an intrinsic, core and social value. Hence, a privacy approach that embraces the law, ethical principles, and societal and environmental concerns is possible despite the complexity of and difficulty in upholding data privacy

Development, Manufacture and Characterization of C/C-SiC Components based on Filament Winding

In this contribution development, manufacture and characterization of C/C-SiC tubes based on different winding angles is described. Therefore, CFRP tubes were made by wet-winding of C-filaments using thermoset resins with high char yield and, in a second step were converted to C/C tubes via pyrolysis. Then, the porous tubes were infiltrated by liquid silicon providing C/C-SiC tubes which were characterized by their microstructure and mechanical properties. Mechanical testing was performed under tensile loading in axial and circumferential direction (burst test). In addition, a correlation of mechanical properties to the winding angle will be presented

An Ethical Approach to Data Privacy Protection

Privacy, trust and security are closely intertwined, as are law and ethics. Privacy preservation and security provisions rely on trust (e.g., one will allow only those whom one trusts to enter one’s zone of inaccessibility; one will not feel secure unless one trusts the security provider). Violation of privacy constitutes a risk, thus, a threat to security. Law provides a resolution when ethics cannot (e.g., ethics knows that stealing is wrong; the law punishes thieves); ethics can provide context to law (e.g., law allows trading for the purpose of making a profit, but ethics provides input into ensuring trade is conducted fairly). Privacy breaches disturb trust and run the risk of diluting or losing security; it is a show of disrespect to the law and a violation of ethical principles. Data privacy (or information privacy or data protection) is about access, use and collection of data, and the data subject’s legal right to the data. This refers to: • Freedom from unauthorized access to private data • Inappropriate use of data• Accuracy and completeness when collecting data about a person or persons (corporations included) by technology • Availability of data content, and the data subject’s legal right to access; ownership • The rights to inspect, update or correct these data Data privacy is also concerned with the costs if data privacy is breached, and such costs include the socalled hard costs (e.g., financial penalties imposed by regulators, compensation payments in lawsuits such as noncompliance with contractual principles) and the soft costs (e.g., reputational damage, loss of client trust). Though different cultures put different values on privacy or make it impossible to define a stable, universal value, there is broad consensus that privacy does have an intrinsic, core and social value. Hence, a privacy approach that embraces the law, ethical principles, and societal and environmental concerns is possible despite the complexity of and difficulty in upholding data privacy

Entwicklung, Herstellung und Test einer keramischen Schubkammer für ein Geltriebwerk

Faserkeramische Verbundwerkstoffe (C/C-SiC) wurden ursprünglich für Hitzeschutzsysteme von Raumfahrzeugen entwickelt, bei denen hohe massenspezifische Steifigkeiten und Temperaturstand-festigkeiten erforderlich sind. Aufgrund ihrer Hitze- und Erosionsbeständigkeit in Kombination mit er-höhter Schadenstoleranz erweiterte sich das Einsatzspektrum schnell auf Friktionsanwendungen, wie z.B. Pkw-Bremsscheiben sowie Reibbelägen im Maschinenbau und bei Hochgeschwindigkeitsaufzü-gen. Zudem sind diese Werkstoffe für Kurzzeitanwendungen im Heißgasbereich (z.B.: Raketenmotor) von zunehmenden Interesse. Hergestellt werden diese Werkstoffe im Flüssigsilicierverfahren (LSI-Prozess), der sich durch einen zeit- und kostenattraktiven dreistufigen Prozess auszeichnet und vom DLR Stuttgart entwickelt wurde. Dabei werden relativ dichte Werkstoffe (offene Porosität < 2 %) ohne Nachverdichtungsschritte erreicht. Zunächst wird über gängige Methoden ein faserverstärktes Kunststoffbauteil erzeugt, das dann via Pyrolyse in einen porösen C/C-Vorkörper überführt wird. Schließlich erfolgt im dritten Schritt die Schmelzinfiltra¬tion des Vorkörpers mit flüssigem Silicium und Reaktion zum „dichten“ C/C-SiC-Bauteil, das die Vo¬raussetzung für die Heißgasführung schafft. In diesem Beitrag wird über die Entwicklung und Herstellung sowie den Test einer keramischen Schubkammer an einem Geltriebwerk bei MBDA-D berichtet. Die dazu erforderliche Werkstoffent-wicklung via Nasswickelverfahren und Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Wickelwinkels auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften erfolgten zunächst an Plattenmaterial und zylind¬rischen Rohren. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein der Geometrie angepasster Lagenaufbau für die Schub¬kammer entwickelt. Nach dem Wickeln des Vorkörpers (Faserpreform) und der Härtung auf dem Wickelkern wurden die Bauteile auf speziellen Kernen pyrolysiert und anschließend via Silicierung in C/C-SiC-Bauteile konvertiert. Zur Werkstoff- und Bauteilcharakterisierung in den unterschiedlichen Werkstoffstadien kamen ver-schiedene Methoden, wie die Ermittlung der Porosität und Dichte nach Archimedes sowie der Berst-druck- und Zugfestigkeit als auch zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden Computertomographie (CT) zum Einsatz. Dabei konnten der Einfluss des Wickelwinkels auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aufge-zeigt werden. Abschließend wird über die Ergebnisse der Raketenmotortests der keramischen Schub-kammer am Geltriebwerk der MBDA-D berichtet

Werkstoffe für moderne Flugkörperkomponenten

- Grundfinanzierte Entwicklungsarbeiten (FFT2) zu Werkstoffen und Flugkörperkomponenten - Entwicklungsarbeiten zur Herstellung und Charakterisierung einer keramischen Schubkammer und deren Heißgastest - Ausblick auf geplante weitere Arbeiten in 2014 und darüber hinau

Prenatal radiation exposure in diagnostic and interventional radiology

Background The exposure of a pregnant woman to X-rays is an event that can cause uncertainty for all concerned. This review provides guidance on how to assess such a situation and how to determine the dose to the unborn child. In general, the use of X-rays in pregnant women in radiology should be avoided. If possible, alternatives should be used, or examinations postponed to a time after the pregnancy. This review gives a summary of the procedure for determining the radiation exposure of a pregnant woman.Method Based on the previous report of 2002 and the literature on prenatal radiation exposure published thereafter, the DGMP/DRG report on the procedure for the assessment of prenatal radiation exposure was adapted to the current state of science and technology.Results Typically, only relatively low radiation exposures of less than 20 mSv occur for the unborn child in X-ray diagnostics in the vast majority of cases. At these dose level the additional risk of damage to the embryo or fetus caused by the radiation is low and therefore only a rough conservative estimate using tabulated values are made. Only in a few types of examination (CT and interventional radiology) higher doses values might occur in the uterus. Instead of dose estimates (step 1 in the two-step model) in these cases the calculation of dose (step 2) are required and further action by the physician may be necessary.Conclusions During the assessment, it is useful to initially use simple conservative estimation procedures to quickly determine whether a case falls into this large group less than 20 mSv, where there is a very low risk to the unborn child. If this is the case, the pregnant woman should be informed immediately by the doctor who performed the examination/treatment. This avoids a psychological burden on the patient. The DGMP/DRG report suggests a relatively simple, clearly structured procedure with advantages for all parties involved (physician, medical physics experts, MTRA and patient)