Synthetic chemistry and biological activity of pentafluorosulphanyl (SF5) organic molecules

Acknowledgements We thank the European Commission for financial support (Industry Academia Partnerships and Pathways project “PET BRAIN”, Contract No 251482). S.A. thanks the Northern Research Partnership (www.northscotland-research.ac.uk/) and Pharmaness (www.pharmaness.it) for co-funding a PhD studentship.Peer reviewedPostprin

Kolmogorov Complexity in perspective. Part I: Information Theory and Randomnes

We survey diverse approaches to the notion of information: from Shannon entropy to Kolmogorov complexity. Two of the main applications of Kolmogorov complexity are presented: randomness and classification. The survey is divided in two parts in the same volume. Part I is dedicated to information theory and the mathematical formalization of randomness based on Kolmogorov complexity. This last application goes back to the 60's and 70's with the work of Martin-L\"of, Schnorr, Chaitin, Levin, and has gained new impetus in the last years.Comment: 40 page

Kolmogorov Complexity in perspective. Part II: Classification, Information Processing and Duality

We survey diverse approaches to the notion of information: from Shannon entropy to Kolmogorov complexity. Two of the main applications of Kolmogorov complexity are presented: randomness and classification. The survey is divided in two parts published in a same volume. Part II is dedicated to the relation between logic and information system, within the scope of Kolmogorov algorithmic information theory. We present a recent application of Kolmogorov complexity: classification using compression, an idea with provocative implementation by authors such as Bennett, Vitanyi and Cilibrasi. This stresses how Kolmogorov complexity, besides being a foundation to randomness, is also related to classification. Another approach to classification is also considered: the so-called "Google classification". It uses another original and attractive idea which is connected to the classification using compression and to Kolmogorov complexity from a conceptual point of view. We present and unify these different approaches to classification in terms of Bottom-Up versus Top-Down operational modes, of which we point the fundamental principles and the underlying duality. We look at the way these two dual modes are used in different approaches to information system, particularly the relational model for database introduced by Codd in the 70's. This allows to point out diverse forms of a fundamental duality. These operational modes are also reinterpreted in the context of the comprehension schema of axiomatic set theory ZF. This leads us to develop how Kolmogorov's complexity is linked to intensionality, abstraction, classification and information system.Comment: 43 page

Challenges for Economic Growth of Regions in the Baltic Sea Region Case Study of Latvia

The Baltic Sea region is one of the most socially, economically and technologically developed regions in the world. The region has a high GDP level, limited social inequality in a global context, leading positions in Doing Business and Global Competitiveness indeces. Meanwhile, the region is experiencing rapid aging of society and depopulation of the territories, the region internally has large differences in the development of human capital and productivity rates. The eastern part of the region is expressively dependent on one supplier's power resources; it is experiencing the largest fall as a result of the global economic crisis; and has high unemployment and poverty rates. One of the most prosperous and sustainable macro-regions in the world is facing high challenges in development of balanced and sustainable socio-economic structure inside it. The report analyzes which factors have promoted or hampered the growth of the regions (at NUTS3 level) of Baltic countries; and what areas of development play a crucial role for further growth. Therefore perspective policy intervention areas for promotion of the region's sustainable economic growth are analysed, - implementation of integrated development planning practice; exploration of advantages of modern regional governance practice; strengthening of business and innovation capacity at the regional level. By using the approach and methodology developed by OECD in the analysis of regional growth factors, calculations have been made about the comparative rates of the 3 Baltic countries - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. For the basis of the analysis, 6 indicators were used describing GDP growth, productivity, employment and population. The comparative growth speeds of the regions were analyzed over a period of several years. Results of the analysis clearly demonstrate the impact left by the global economic crisis on the economy of the regions. It also demonstrates failures of the selected and enforced government's regional policy based on subsidies to support development of infrastructure in the lagging regions of Latvia. The tendencies indicate specific policy implications. The best results may be achieved by combining different possibilities existing in the regions and by using modern and innovative management tools

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PENATALAKSANAAN MORNING SICKNESS PADA IBU MULTIGRAVIDA TRIMESTER I DI BPS SUHARIJATI BULAK BANTENG SURABAYA

Fenomena di BPS Suharijati Surabaya masih didapatkan ibu multigravida yang hanya tidur sepanjang hari atau bahkan tidak mau makan saat mengalami morning sickness. Kondisi tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan pengetahuan ibu yang masih kurang tentang penatalaksanaan morning sickness. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan tentang penatalaksanaan morning sickness pada ibu multigravida trimester 1 di BPS Suharijati Bulak Banteng Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Deskriptif. Populasi seluruh ibu multigravida trimester I di BPS Suharijati Surabaya sebesar 23 ibu dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Variabeldalam penelitian ini adalah pengetahuan penatalaksanaan morning sickness. Pengolahan data menggunakan editing, scoring, coding, dan tabulasi data. Analisi data dengan statistic deskriptif dijelaskan dalam distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 23 responden sebagian besar (73,9%) memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang penatalaksanaan morning sickness dan hampir setengahnya (26,1%)memiliki pengetahuan cukup. Sebagian besar ibu multigravida memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang penatalaksanaan morning sickness. Tenaga kesehatan bisa memberi penyuluhan dan informasi tentang penatalaksanaan morning sickness sejak ibu positif hamil ataupun ibu sudah datang dengan keluhan mual muntah. Ibu multigravida juga harus mencari informasi mengenai morning sickness melalui berbagai media dan sering melakukan konsultasi pada tenaga kesehatan

Scritti in onore di Pellegrino Capaldo

La qualità dei servizi è stata riconosciuta come un rilevante aspetto caratterizzante la performance dell’azienda pubblica, analogamente alla capacità di operare secondo criteri di efficienza e nel rispetto dei vincoli di bilancio. Sebbene sia possibile riscontrare alcuni significativi casi di adozione di politiche di customer satisfaction nelle amministrazioni pubbliche italiane, a tutt’oggi il tema presenta significative criticità, specialmente in ordine agli aspetti metodologici e agli strumenti operativi che consentano di integrare dette politiche nel sistema di programmazione e controllo delle aziende che erogano tali servizi. Il presente lavoro adotta una diversa prospettiva di analisi del miglioramento della performance in ottica di “customer satisfaction”, rispetto a quella tradizionalmente utilizzata, specie con riferimento al settore pubblico. Piuttosto che focalizzare soltanto l’interazione tra “cliente/utente” esterno all’amministrazione pubblica e unità direttamente preposte all’erogazione dei servizi, in questa sede si propone di una chiave di lettura di tipo interistituzionale. Tale prospettiva è volta a comprendere le criticità e i generatori di prestazione connessi allo svolgimento dei processi gestionali da cui deriva il conseguimento di “prodotti” dell’attività amministrativa a beneficio dei “clienti/utenti” interni ed esterni, rispetto all’amministrazione pubblica. La rappresentazione della “catena del valore” alla luce della quale sia possibile esplicitare le responsabilità e i connessi indicatori di performance volti a collegare in sequenza diverse unità di “back-office” nel settore pubblico, ai fini del miglioramento del servizio all’utenza finale, costituisce un momento fondamentale per internalizzare nella pubblica amministrazione gli stimoli provenienti dalle tradizionali indagini di “customer satisfaction” e tradurli in concreti miglioramenti ai processi gestionali e ai connessi “prodotti” dell’attività amministrativa

Chalcophile Element Constraints on the Sulfur Content of the Martian Mantle

The sulfur content of the Martian mantle is critical to understanding volcanic volatiles supplied to the surface of Mars and possibly climate. In the absence of Martian mantle rocks, sulfur content of the mantle has been inferred from S contents of Martian meteorites or from sedimentary sulfate abundances. Estimates of the sulfur content of the Martian mantle vary from 390-2,000 ppm, all of which are higher than that of the terrestrial mantle (~250 ppm;). Residual sulfide in the Martian mantle controls the distribution of chalcophile elements during partial melting. In this study, we report new analyses of Martian meteorites, and use the incompatible behavior of As, Tl and Pb to infer the sulfide mode of the Martian mantle using a different set of assumptions than those of prior studies

Complexité de Kolmogorov, une mise en perspective. Partie II : Classification, Traitement de l' Information et Dualité.

50 pagesInternational audienceNous exposons différentes approches du concept d'information : depuis la notion d'entropie de Shannon jusqu'à la théorie de la complexité de Kolmogorov. Nous présentons deux des principales applications de la complexité de Kolmogorov : l'aléatoirité et la classification. Cet exposé est divisé en deux parties publiées dans un même volume. La partie II est consacrée à la relation entre la logique et les systèmes d'information, dans le cadre de la théorie algorithmique de l'information de Kolmogorov. Nous exposons une application récente de la complexité de Kolmogorov : la classification par compression, qui met en oeuvre une implémentation audacieuse de la complexité de Kolmogorov, par des auteurs comme Bennett, Vitányi et Cilibrasi. Cela permet, en outre, de dégager en quoi la complexité de Kolmogorov est liée à la classification, tout comme elle fonde l'aléatoirité. Nous présentons également une autre approche de la classification, la “Google classification”. Celle-ci utilise une autre idée originale et particulièrement intéressante, et qui est connectée à la classification par compression et à la complexité de Kolmogorov d'un point de vue conceptuel. Nous présentons et unifions ces différentes approches de la classification en termes de modes opératoires Bottom-Up versus Top-Down dont nous indiquons les principes fondamentaux et la dualité sous-jacente. Nous étudions comment ces modes duals sont utilisés, dans l'appréhension des systèmes d'information, et tout particulièrement dans le modèle relationnel des bases de données introduit par Codd dans les années 70. Nous réinterprétons en outre ces modes opératoires dans le contexte du schéma de compréhension de la théorie axiomatique des ensembles ZF. Ceci nous amène à développer en quoi la complexité de Kolmogorov est liée à l'intentionnalité, à l'abstraction, à la classification et aux systèmes d'information

Evaporation and recondensation of sodium in Semarkona Type II chondrules

We have investigated the Na distributions in Semarkona Type II chondrules by electron microprobe, analyzing olivine and melt inclusions in it, mesostasis and bulk chondrule, to see whether they indicate interactions with an ambient gas during chondrule formation. Sodium concentrations of bulk chondrule liquids, melt inclusions and mesostases can be explained to a first approximation by fractional crystallization of olivine ± pyroxene. The most primitive olivine cores in each chondrule are mostly between Fa8 and Fa13, with 0.0022–0.0069 ± 0.0013 wt.% Na2O. Type IIA chondrule olivines have consistently higher Na contents than olivines in Type IIAB chondrules. We used the dependence of olivine–liquid Na partitioning on FeO in olivine as a measure of equilibration. Extreme olivine rim compositions are ∼Fa35 and 0.03 wt.% Na2O and are close to being in equilibrium with the mesostasis glass. Olivine cores compared with the bulk chondrule compositions, particularly in IIA chondrules, show very high apparent DNa, indicating disequilibrium and suggesting that chondrule initial melts were more Na-rich than present chondrule bulk compositions. The apparent DNa values correlate with the Na concentrations of the olivine, but not with concentrations in the bulk melt. We use equilibrium DNa to find the Na content of the true parent liquid and estimate that Type IIA chondrules lost more than half their Na and recondensation was incomplete, whereas Type IIAB chondrules recovered most of theirs in their mesostases. Glass inclusions in olivine have lower Na than expected from fractionation of bulk composition liquids, and mesostases have higher Na than expected in calculated daughter liquids formed by fractional crystallization alone. These observations also require open system behavior of chondrules, specifically evaporation of Na before formation of melt inclusions followed by recondensation of Na in mesostases. Within this record of evaporation followed by recondensation, there is no indication of a stage with zero Na in the chondrules, which is predicted by models for shock wave cooling at canonical nebular pressures, suggesting high PT. The high Na concentrations in olivine and mesostases indicate very high PNa while chondrules were molten. This may be explained by local, very high particle densities where Type II chondrules formed. The high PT, PNa and number densities of chondrules implied suggest formation in debris clouds after protoplanetary collisions as an alternative to formation after passage of shock waves through large particle-rich clumps in the disk. Encounters of partially molten chondrules should have been frequent in these dense swarms. However, in many ordinary chondrites like Semarkona, "cluster chondrites", compound chondrules are not abundant but instead chondrules aggregated into clusters. Chondrule melting, cooling and clustering in dense swarms contributed to rapid accretion, possibly after collision, by fallback on the grandparent body and by reaccretion as a new body downrange