Long-term renal outcome in children with OCRL mutations: retrospective analysis of a large international cohort

BACKGROUND: Lowe syndrome (LS) and Dent-2 disease (DD2) are disorders associated with mutations in the OCRL gene and characterized by progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we aimed to investigate the long-term renal outcome and identify potential determinants of CKD and its progression in children with these tubulopathies. METHODS: Retrospective analyses were conducted of clinical and genetic data in a cohort of 106 boys (LS: 88 and DD2: 18). For genotype-phenotype analysis, we grouped mutations according to their type and localization. To investigate progression of CKD we used survival analysis by Kaplan-Meier method using stage 3 CKD as the end-point. RESULTS: Median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower in the LS group compared with DD2 (58.8 versus 87.4 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P < 0.01). CKD stage II-V was found in 82% of patients, of these 58% and 28% had moderate-to-severe CKD in LS and DD2, respectively. Three patients (3%), all with LS, developed stage 5 of CKD. Survival analysis showed that LS was also associated with a faster CKD progression than DD2 (P < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, eGFR was dependent only on age (b = -0.46, P < 0.001). Localization, but not type of mutations, tended to correlate with eGFR. There was also no significant association between presence of nephrocalcinosis, hypercalciuria, proteinuria and number of adverse clinical events and CKD. CONCLUSIONS: CKD is commonly found in children with OCRL mutations. CKD progression was strongly related to the underlying diagnosis but did not associate with clinical parameters, such as nephrocalcinosis or proteinuria

Antibody-mediated rejection with the presence of glomerular crescents in a pediatric kidney transplant recipient: A case report

Glomerular crescents in kidney transplantation are indicative of severe glomerular injury and constitute a hallmark of RPGN. Their concurrence with ABMR has been rarely described only in adult patients. We report a case of 10-year-old boy with compound heterozygous Fin-major Finnish-type congenital nephrotic syndrome, who had received a deceased-donor kidney transplant 5 years before onset of acute kidney injury and nephrotic range proteinuria without hematuria. Kidney allograft biopsy illustrated 6 glomeruli with global sclerosis and 6 with remarkable circumferential or segmental cellular crescents. Negative glomerular immunofluorescence for immune-complex deposits and the absence of serum ANCA eliminated the presence of immune-mediated and ANCA-positive pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis of ABMR was based on the high levels of HLA class II DSA and the histological evidence of glomerulitis, peritubular capillaritis, and acute tubular injury with positive linear peritubular capillary C4d staining. The patient despite plasmapheresis and enhanced immunosuppressive treatment progressed to end-stage renal disease. We conclude that glomerular crescents may represent a finding of AMBR and possibly a marker of poor allograft prognosis in pediatric patients. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LL

Single-port versus conventional multiport access prophylactic laparoscopic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in high-risk patients for ovarian cancer: a comparison of surgical outcomes

Stefano Angioni,1 Alessandro Pontis,1 Federica Sedda,1 Theodoros Zampetoglou,2 Vito Cela,3 Liliana Mereu,4 Pietro Litta51Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; 2Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iaso Thessalia Hospital, Larissa, Greece; 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 4Ospedale S Chiara, Trento, 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Padua, Padua, ItalyAbstract: Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is widely recommended as part of a risk-reduction strategy for ovarian or breast cancer due to an underlying genetic predisposition. BSO is also performed as a therapeutic intervention for patients with hormone-positive premenopausal breast cancer. BSO may be performed via a minimally invasive approach with the use of three to four 5 mm and/or 12 mm ports inserted through a skin incision. To further reduce the morbidity associated with the placement of multiple port sites and to improve cosmetic outcomes, single-port laparoscopy has been developed with a single access point from the umbilicus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes associated with reducing the risks of salpingo-oophorectomy performed in a single port, while comparing multiport laparoscopy in women with a high risk for ovarian cancer. Single-port laparoscopy&ndash;BSO is feasible and safe, with favorable surgical and cosmetic outcomes when compared to conventional laparoscopy.Keywords: prophylactic salpingectomy, single-port access laparoscopy, BRCA carrier

Management of children with congenital nephrotic syndrome: challenging treatment paradigms

BACKGROUND: Management of children with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is challenging. Bilateral nephrectomies followed by dialysis and transplantation are practiced in most centres, but conservative treatment may also be effective. METHODS: We conducted a 6-year review across members of the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology Dialysis Working Group to compare management strategies and their outcomes in children with CNS. RESULTS: Eighty children (50% male) across 17 tertiary nephrology units in Europe were included (mutations in NPHS1, n\u2009=\u200955; NPHS2, n\u2009=\u20091; WT1, n\u2009=\u20099; others, n\u2009=\u200915). Excluding patients with mutations in WT1, antiproteinuric treatment was given in 42 (59%) with an increase in S-albumin in 70% by median 6 (interquartile range: 3-8) g/L (P\u2009<\u20090.001). Following unilateral nephrectomy, S-albumin increased by 4 (1-8) g/L (P\u2009=\u20090.03) with a reduction in albumin infusion dose by 5 (2-9) g/kg/week (P\u2009=\u20090.02). Median age at bilateral nephrectomies (n\u2009=\u200929) was 9 (7-16) months. Outcomes were compared between two groups of NPHS1 patients: those who underwent bilateral nephrectomies (n\u2009=\u200925) versus those on conservative management (n\u2009=\u200917). The number of septic or thrombotic episodes and growth were comparable between the groups. The response to antiproteinuric treatment, as well as renal and patient survival, was independent of NPHS1 mutation type. At final follow-up (median age 34\u2009months) 20 (80%) children in the nephrectomy group were transplanted and 1 died. In the conservative group, 9 (53%) remained without dialysis, 4 (24%; P\u2009<\u20090.001) were transplanted and 2 died. CONCLUSION: An individualized, stepwise approach with prolonged conservative management may be a reasonable alternative to early bilateral nephrectomies and dialysis in children with CNS and NPHS1 mutations. Further prospective studies are needed to define indications for unilateral nephrectomy