Long tree-ring chronologies provide evidence of recent tree growth decrease in a central african tropical forest

It is still unclear whether the exponential rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration has produced a fertilization effect on tropical forests, thus incrementing their growth rate, in the last two centuries. As many factors affect tree growth patterns, short -term studies might be influenced by the confounding effect of several interacting environmental variables on plant growth. Long-term analyses of tree growth can elucidate long-term trends of plant growth response to dominant drivers. The study of annual rings, applied to long tree-ring chronologies in tropical forest trees enables such analysis. Long-term tree-ring chronologies of three widespread African species were measured in Central Africa to analyze the growth of trees over the last two centuries. Growth trends were correlated to changes in global atmospheric CO2 concentration and local variations in the main climatic drivers, temperature and rainfall. Our results provided no evidence for a fertilization effect of CO2 on tree growth. On the contrary, an overall growth decline was observed for all three species in the last century, which appears to be significantly correlated to the increase in local temperature. These findings provide additional support to the global observations of a slowing down of C sequestration in the trunks of forest trees in recent decades. Data indicate that the CO2 increase alone has not been sufficient to obtain a tree growth increase in tropical trees. The effect of other changing environmental factors, like temperature, may have overridden the fertilization effect of CO2

Long tree-ring chronologies provide evidence of recent tree growth decrease in a central african tropical forest

It is still unclear whether the exponential rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration has produced a fertilization effect on tropical forests, thus incrementing their growth rate, in the last two centuries. As many factors affect tree growth patterns, short -term studies might be influenced by the confounding effect of several interacting environmental variables on plant growth. Long-term analyses of tree growth can elucidate long-term trends of plant growth response to dominant drivers. The study of annual rings, applied to long tree-ring chronologies in tropical forest trees enables such analysis. Long-term tree-ring chronologies of three widespread African species were measured in Central Africa to analyze the growth of trees over the last two centuries. Growth trends were correlated to changes in global atmospheric CO2 concentration and local variations in the main climatic drivers, temperature and rainfall. Our results provided no evidence for a fertilization effect of CO2 on tree growth. On the contrary, an overall growth decline was observed for all three species in the last century, which appears to be significantly correlated to the increase in local temperature. These findings provide additional support to the global observations of a slowing down of C sequestration in the trunks of forest trees in recent decades. Data indicate that the CO2 increase alone has not been sufficient to obtain a tree growth increase in tropical trees. The effect of other changing environmental factors, like temperature, may have overridden the fertilization effect of CO2.It is still unclear whether the exponential rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration has produced a fertilization effect on tropical forests, thus incrementing their growth rate, in the last two centuries. As many factors affect tree growth patterns, short -term studies might be influenced by the confounding effect of several interacting environmental variables on plant growth. Long-term analyses of tree growth can elucidate long-term trends of plant growth response to dominant drivers. The study of annual rings, applied to long tree-ring chronologies in tropical forest trees enables such analysis. Long-term tree-ring chronologies of three widespread African species were measured in Central Africa to analyze the growth of trees over the last two centuries. Growth trends were correlated to changes in global atmospheric CO2 concentration and local variations in the main climatic drivers, temperature and rainfall. Our results provided no evidence for a fertilization effect of CO2 on tree growth. On the contrary, an overall growth decline was observed for all three species in the last century, which appears to be significantly correlated to the increase in local temperature. These findings provide additional support to the global observations of a slowing down of C sequestration in the trunks of forest trees in recent decades. Data indicate that the CO2 increase alone has not been sufficient to obtain a tree growth increase in tropical trees. The effect of other changing environmental factors, like temperature, may have overridden the fertilization effect of CO2

FIRE INFLUENCE ON PINUS HALEPENSIS: WOOD RESPONSES CLOSE AND FAR FROM THE SCARS

Tree rings provide information about environmental change through recording stress events, such as fires, that can affect their growth. The aim of this study was to investigate wood growth reactions in Pinus halepensis Mill. trees subjected to wildfires, by analysing anatomical traits and carbon and oxygen isotope composition. The study area was Southern France where two sites were selected: one subjected to fires in the last 50 years, the other characterised by comparable environmental conditions although not affected by fire events (control site). We analysed whether wood growth depends on the tangential distance between developing xylem cells and the limit where the cambium was directly damaged by fire. In the burnt site, thick wood sections, including fire-scar, were taken from surviving plants. Digital photo-micrographs were analysed to measure early- and latewood width, wood density, and tracheid size. Anatomical and isotopic traits were analysed in two series of tree rings (5 rings before and 5 after the fire) selected at different positions along the circumference (close or far from the scar). Anatomical and isotopic traits were quantified also on tree rings of the same years from cored trees growing at the control site. Results showed different wood reaction tendencies depending on the distance from the scar. The comparison between plants from the two sites allowed to exclude possible climate interference. Our results are discussed in terms of two kinds of growth reactions: the local need to promptly compartmentalise the scarred cambial zone and sapwood after fire, and the general growth perturbations due to tree reaction to crown scorch during fire. Anatomical results, combined with dendrochronological and isotopic analysis, could provide an efficient way to distinguish between direct growth reactions due to heat-related damage on cambium and indirect outcomes related to defoliation.Tree rings provide information about environmental change through recording stress events, such as fires, that can affect their growth. The aim of this study was to investigate wood growth reactions in Pinus halepensis Mill. trees subjected to wildfires, by analysing anatomical traits and carbon and oxygen isotope composition. The study area was Southern France where two sites were selected: one subjected to fires in the last 50 years, the other characterised by comparable environmental conditions although not affected by fire events (control site). We analysed whether wood growth depends on the tangential distance between developing xylem cells and the limit where the cambium was directly damaged by fire. In the burnt site, thick wood sections, including fire-scar, were taken from surviving plants. Digital photo-micrographs were analysed to measure early-and latewood width, wood density, and tracheid size. Anatomical and isotopic traits were analysed in two series of tree rings (5 rings before and 5 after the fire) selected at different positions along the circumference (close or far from the scar). Anatomical and isotopic traits were quantified also on tree rings of the same years from cored trees growing at the control site. Results showed different wood reaction tendencies depending on the distance from the scar. The comparison between plants from the two sites allowed to exclude possible climate interference.Our results are discussed in terms of two kinds of growth reactions: the local need to promptly compartmentalise the scarred cambial zone and sapwood after fire, and the general growth perturbations due to tree reaction to crown scorch during fire. Anatomical results, combined with dendrochronological and isotopic analysis, could provide an efficient way to distinguish between direct growth reactions due to heat-related damage on cambium and indirect outcomes related to defoliation

Site conditions influence the climate signal of intra-annual density fluctuations in tree rings of Q. ilex L.

International audienceAbstractKey MessageThe investigation of the relations between climate and intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) traits (e.g. frequency, width and functional anatomical traits) inQuercus ilextree rings of stands living on two opposite slopes, highlighted the influence of local site conditions on the climate signal contained in tree rings. Moreover it allowed to identify the main site-specific environmental drivers for IADF formation.ContextWood functional traits such as IADFs result from the adaptation of tree physiological processes to seasonal climate variability. They could be used to reconstruct tree response to intra-annual variations in environmental conditions.AimsWe investigated the relationship between IADF features and climate in Quercus ilex L. populations living on opposite slopes, aiming to evaluate the influence of local site conditions on wood plasticity in response to seasonal climate variability.MethodsDominant trees were sampled and dated. IADF frequency and width, non-lumen fraction, vessel size, and frequency were measured. Time series analyses using precipitation and temperature data were performed.ResultsA decrease in IADF frequency over time influenced by summer and autumn temperature was observed at both sites. IADFs were more frequent, wider, with smaller vessels and a higher non-lumen fraction in trees growing at the north slope compared to the south slope site. IADF anatomical parameters of south slope tree rings were mainly influenced by precipitation, while the ones of north-slope tree rings by temperature.ConclusionTemperature-limited IADF occurrence in Q. ilex tree rings, probably leading to an earlier stop in cambial activity, and IADF anatomical traits were influenced by site conditions, suggesting them as indicators of site-specific responses to climate

Site conditions influence the climate signal of intra-annual density fluctuations in tree rings of Q. ilex L.

Key Message: The investigation of the relations between climate and intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) traits (e.g. frequency, width and functional anatomical traits) inQuercus ilextree rings of stands living on two opposite slopes, highlighted the influence of local site conditions on the climate signal contained in tree rings. Moreover it allowed to identify the main site-specific environmental drivers for IADF formation. Context: Wood functional traits such as IADFs result from the adaptation of tree physiological processes to seasonal climate variability. They could be used to reconstruct tree response to intra-annual variations in environmental conditions. Aims: We investigated the relationship between IADF features and climate in Quercus ilex L. populations living on opposite slopes, aiming to evaluate the influence of local site conditions on wood plasticity in response to seasonal climate variability. Methods: Dominant trees were sampled and dated. IADF frequency and width, non-lumen fraction, vessel size, and frequency were measured. Time series analyses using precipitation and temperature data were performed. Results: A decrease in IADF frequency over time influenced by summer and autumn temperature was observed at both sites. IADFs were more frequent, wider, with smaller vessels and a higher non-lumen fraction in trees growing at the north slope compared to the south slope site. IADF anatomical parameters of south slope tree rings were mainly influenced by precipitation, while the ones of north-slope tree rings by temperature. Conclusion: Temperature-limited IADF occurrence in Q. ilex tree rings, probably leading to an earlier stop in cambial activity, and IADF anatomical traits were influenced by site conditions, suggesting them as indicators of site-specific responses to climate

Contrasting physiological responses to Mediterranean climate variability are revealed by intra-annual density fluctuations in tree rings of Quercus ilex L. And Pinus pinea L. And

Mixed forests of Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L. are widely found throughout the Mediterranean Basin, being representative of two co-existing functional types: evergreen-sclerophyllous drought-resistant species and Mediterranean-adapted drought-avoidant conifers. Their contrasting physiological strategies to cope with water deficit influence all the processes regulating their growth such as wood formation, leading to peculiar tree-ring anatomical features such as intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs). Intra-annual density fluctuations are abrupt changes in wood anatomical traits within a tree ring, appearing as latewoodlike cells within earlywood or earlywood-like cells within latewood, and are frequently found in Mediterranean species as a response to seasonal climate changes. In this study, we characterized the anatomical traits and composition of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in IADFs occurring in tree rings of Q. ilex and P. pinea trees co-existing at a same site in Southern Italy, in order to link their xylem hydraulic properties with the related physiological mechanisms. The relationships between IADF occurrence and seasonal mean temperature and total precipitation were investigated, with the aim of assessing whether they can be used as indicators of species-specific responses to intra-annual climate fluctuations. Results show that IADF period of formation is during autumn months for both species. The influence of climate on IADF occurrence was found to be an indicator of species-specific response to climate: an increased stomatal conductance associated to the formation of a wood safer against embolism was found in Q. ilex, while a tighter stomatal control associated to a more efficient wood with regard to hydraulic conductivity occurred in P. pinea. Moreover, the assessment of the influence of climate on IADF occurrence indicates that, with rising temperatures, Q. ilex would form fewer IADFs compared with P. pinea. Other study cases are desirable to assess the suggested forecasts and to link the plasticity of the species to form IADFs with their effective adaptive capability to compete for resources, and to explain how it may influence future population development

Contrasting physiological responses to Mediterranean climate variability are revealed by intra-annual density fl uctuations in tree rings of Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L.

Mixed forests of Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L. are widely found throughout the Mediterranean Basin, being representative of two co-existing functional types: evergreen-sclerophyllous drought-resistant species and Mediterranean-adapted drought-avoidant conifers. Their contrasting physiological strategies to cope with water deficit influence all the processes regulating their growth such as wood formation, leading to peculiar tree-ring anatomical features such as intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs). Intra-annual density fluctuations are abrupt changes in wood anatomical traits within a tree ring, appearing as latewoodlike cells within earlywood or earlywood-like cells within latewood, and are frequently found in Mediterranean species as a response to seasonal climate changes. In this study, we characterized the anatomical traits and composition of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in IADFs occurring in tree rings of Q. ilex and P. pinea trees co-existing at a same site in Southern Italy, in order to link their xylem hydraulic properties with the related physiological mechanisms. The relationships between IADF occurrence and seasonal mean temperature and total precipitation were investigated, with the aim of assessing whether they can be used as indicators of species-specific responses to intra-annual climate fluctuations. Results show that IADF period of formation is during autumn months for both species. The influence of climate on IADF occurrence was found to be an indicator of species-specific response to climate: an increased stomatal conductance associated to the formation of a wood safer against embolism was found in Q. ilex, while a tighter stomatal control associated to a more efficient wood with regard to hydraulic conductivity occurred in P. pinea. Moreover, the assessment of the influence of climate on IADF occurrence indicates that, with rising temperatures, Q. ilex would form fewer IADFs compared with P. pinea. Other study cases are desirable to assess the suggested forecasts and to link the plasticity of the species to form IADFs with their effective adaptive capability to compete for resources, and to explain how it may influence future population development

Effect of grafting on xilem efficiency/safety modulation and photosynthetic performance in Vitis vinifera “piedirosso”: concerns in a climate change scenario

Vitis vinifera L. is the most widely cultivated and economically important fruit crop in the world (1). Italy, one of the world’s leading wine-producing countries, shows vineyards distributed all over the mainland. In this scenario, Campania region, due to its peculiar climatic conditions and fertile soils, has always been considered one of the most appreciated districts for wine production (2). Additionally, the presence of several autochthonous grape varieties is a mainstay for this region. Italian legislation does not allow the irrigation of vineyards in order to preserve wine quality in most quality assurance labels. However, the ongoing climate changes are determining constraints in viticulture due to rising temperatures, changes in precipitation frequency and occurrence of extreme events, such as heat waves. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) yield is expected to suffer from climate change also given that fruit development and ripening occur in the hottest and driest season (3) (4). In the last years, in the sight of climate change, the attention has been rise non wine production sustainability, particularly considering the possibility to adopt cultivation techniques aimed to enhance physiological adaptation to drought (5). In some volcanic areas of the Campania Region, grapevine cultivation is traditionally performed by avoiding the use of rootstocks thanks to the soil type that is inhospitable to Phylloxera pest. In this context, the aim of the study is to assess how the use of grafting on rootstocks could influence plant adaptation to drought and grape production. This study was conducted on Vitis vinifera L. ‘Piedirosso’ grapevine which is an autochthonous cultivar of the Campania Region. Plant growth, yield, photosynthetic performance and anatomy of water stem-leaf pathway were analysed in plants grown on their own-roots or grafted onto 420A rootstock (Vitis riparia x Vitis berlandieri). The selected vineyard Vigna Jossa was located within the farm Cantine degli Astroni, in the Campi Flegrei area at 200m above sea level (Naples, Southern Italy). Grafted and non-grafted plants were compared on the basis of several morphological and eco-physiological parameters including: plant architecture, leaf and wood stem anatomical traits, photosynthetic efficiency (by determination of quantum yield of PSII electron transport, maximal photochemical efficiency and pigment content), gas exchanges, etc. The overall results showed that the expected differences in growth performance and productivity in the two types of plants, were consequent to different eco-physiological and structural properties suggesting a different capability to modulate gas-exchanges and water flow efficiency/safety against embolism under different conditions of water availability. Hence, this study suggested the occurrence of higher plasticity of plant traits involved in the regulation of water flow in the grafted system. Such findings induce to better evaluate the opportunity to move from a traditional cultivation with own-rooted grapevines towards grafted models in the sight of increasing drought. As an alternative, the maintenance of the traditional own-rooted cultivation system should be accompanied by further cultivation trials aimed to optimize training system and plant management