Waste to wealth: production of activated carbon from agricultural waste

Adsorption is the main process for wastewater and drinking water treatment. The ability of activated carbon as an absorbent was proven by many researchers. Agriculture waste can be produced as an activated carbon based on availability, cost, and purity. Physical and chemical activations are the main process in activated carbon (AC) development. Both processes have its own advantage. Before proceeding with the activation process the precursor must be characterized for metal element and surface functional group by doing (X-Ray Fluorescence) XRF and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). TGA will determine the exact carbonization temperature. Adsorbent pore will be analyzed using BET. Activating agent and carbonization temperature gives the main effect for surface area and total pore volume of AC. This chapter will review the AC development process and the exact characterization method in preparing the AC

Acid impregnated honeydew rind activated carbon for chromium and zinc removal

Heavy metal contamination in aqueous media and industrial discharges are among the significant environment problems, which have to be encountered due to the toxic nature and the accumulation of these metal ions in the food chains. This study has upcycled an agricultural waste namely honeydew rind (HDR) as a precursor in activated carbon (AC) adsorbent preparation using chemical activation process for Cr(III) and Zn(II) removal from synthetic wastewater. Prior to the AC production, physiochemical characteristics of the HDR were analyzed by means of XRF, FESEM, TGA and FTIR. Optimization of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) of 10%-30% v/v impregnation agent generated honeydew rind impregnated activated carbon (ACS) and honeydew rind impregnated activated carbon (ACP). Optimization of carbonization temperature involved temperature of 430°C-490°C for H2SO4 and 450°C-510°C for H3PO4. Batch experiment study was conducted at constant value of 100 mL of synthetic wastewater, 125 rpm shaking rotation at ambient temperature. Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Langmuir and Freundlich were tested for isotherm adsorption while pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order were examined in kinetic behavior investigation. The column study was run under constant bed height, flow rate, inlet metal concentration of 25 cm, 16 mL/min, 1000 mL (Cr(III)); 400 mg/L (Zn(II)) respectively at ambient temperature. Boehm titration indicated that ACS and ACP are classified as acidic AC. The highest iodine number value (528.63 mg/g) and BET surface area (591.25 m^2/g) were obtained by 20% v/v ACS and carbonized at 470°C. The highest iodine number value (1174.19 mg/g) and BET surface area (1272.38 m^2/g) were achieved by 20% v/v and carbonized at 490°C. Textural analysis produced an average pore diameter of 4.46 nm for the ACS and 2.92 nm for the ACP respectively. Batch adsorption analysis resulted in an optimum condition occurring at pH 4.5, 0.1 g of ACS and ACP, 40 minute contact time and 1000mg/L for Cr(III) and pH 5.5, 0.1 g of ACS and ACP with a 40 min contact time and 400 mg/L for Zn(II). Cr(III) maximum removal was 83.49% using ACS and 88.88% using ACP respectively while Zn(II) maximum removal was 81.55% using ACS and 84.13% using ACP respectively. It was demonstrated that high metal removal was achieved due to high range of metal concentration used in the study

The Perfect Wudhu Practice as a Prevention Mechanism to Reduce the Covid-19 Virus Infection

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the habitual practices of human life that have been practiced for so long. People all over the world have been introduced to a new form of habit termed the new norm. Several Standard Operational Procedures (SOP) have been introduced to curb the spread of this epidemic. However, the question arises whether these preventive measures are a new thing that has never existed before? Similarly, is there a similarity between the practice of SOP that must be on everyone today with the practices that have been practiced according to the disciplines of science and the religion of Islam. This study uses a qualitative method that uses the design of library research and document review. The results show that there are similarities between the practice of SOP outlined by the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) produced based on scientific studies with the practice of ablution that has long been organized by the holy religion of Islam. These findings have further added to the knowledge and confidence about the position of the disciplines of science and religion which are so beautifully complementary to each other. Further this evidence has directly rejected the ideas of dualism and secularism that separate religion from everyday life

Advanced methods for activated carbon from agriculture wastes; a comprehensive review

The rapid increase in various industries and the subsequent contamination of water bodies by heavy metals caused water stress circumstances globally. The adsorption is among the effective methods which is used for removing heavy metals from the water bodies. Moreover, the adsorption treatment of wastewater by activated carbon (AC) from bio-waste is getting recognition among researchers due to cost-effective. Therefore the current paper aimed to review the adsorption by activated carbon from agro waste, preparation method of AC and adsorption mechanism. The factors affecting the adsorption, adsorption isotherm and kinetics of adsorption were also reviewed. It is appeared from the reviewed papers that the AC from agro waste exhibited high efficiency in removing heavy metals from different wastewater. Moreover, the metal-adsorbed adsorbent desorption through dilute acids are HCl, HNO3, NaOH, KOH, H2SO4, NaNO3, EDTA and Na-citrate. Therefore, the suitable eluting chemicals to the adsorbent and adsorbate must be selected in order to enable maximum recovering percentage

Activated carbon from honeydew rind as an adsorbent in zinc removal from aqueous solutions

"This study focusing in producing activated carbon (AC) from honeydew rind, a low-cost agricultural by-product, by chemical activation using H2SO4 used as an adsorbent for the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solutions. Preparation method on the effect of surface morphology at different carbonization temperatures 450oC, 470oC, 490oC and 510oC was studied. The AC was characterized using FEM-SEM, FTIR and TG. Batch adsorptions were carried out to optimize different variables such as zinc concentration, contact time, pH and biosorbent amount. AAS analysis showed that the maximum adsorption of zinc onto honeydew rind AC was achieved at the conditions of pH 7.5, 1.5g biosorbent amount, 1000mg/L initial zn concentration and 45min contact time. The maximum metal uptake and maximum removal were 66.55mg/g and 99.79% respectively.

DAYTIME BEHAVIOR IN 4-5 YEAR OLD CHILDREN WITH MILD TO MODERATE SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING

The huge quantities of textile industry effluents with high concentrations of heavy metals are associated with the water pollution. Among the conventional technologies currently in use for heavy metals removal, the adsorption offers an economical and eco-friendly approach for textile wastewater treatment. Adsorption efficiency is depending on the chemical structure of the adsorbent such as activated carbon from agricultural waste. Banana peel waste as activated carbon has been reported with high efficiency to remove heavy metals from the textile wastewater. The current review describes the impacts of heavy metals from textile industries on human, plants, and animals and the various methods used for the removal process. The paper looked into the various adsorption methods, and the methods used for generating activated carbon from the lignocellulosic materials. Moreover, the agricultural residues are lignocellulosic substances that encompass hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin which is denoted as the most stable in terms of thermal factor. The review works focus on lignocellulosic substances as an efficient adsorbent for heavy metals and colour (dyes) removal. It appeared that the adsorption capacity for different types of the biomass ranged from 153.85 to 7.24 mg g-1 for Cd2+ ions, 1067.8 to 18.9 mg g-1 for Cu2+ ions, 175.6 to 1.7 mg g-1 for Ni2+ ions, 566.4 to 7.23 mg g-1 for Pb2+ ions and from 534.2 to 0.45 mg g-1 for Zn2+ ions. These findings indicated that the heavy metals having different affinity to the adsorbent, among the heavy metals Ni2+ and Cd2+ has less affinity and the adsorbent used for the removal these metals need to be prepared with high porosity and surface area