"20.000 legoako bidaia itsaspetik" obraren 150. urteurrenean

Between the years 1869 and 1870. Jules Verne published one of his greatest works; "20,000 leagues under the sea". This novel, is probably the biggest novel ever to date Verne has published. In this massive work, Nautilus, the legendary submarine, reveals the secrets of the seas in an entertainer as an entertainer voyage. Youngsters (and not that youngsters) are offered an unrivaled access to sea research. In this article, some considerations on the novel and his author appear; It also explains small thoughts on the author’s scientific knowledge and coherency (although imperfect) in the work and on the influence of Verne on later authors. In fact, not always 150 years are fulfilled and the importance and influence of the novel is worth the effort to carry out.; 1869 eta 1870. urteen bitartean Jules Vernek bere obra nagusietako bat plazaratu zuen; "20.000 legoako bidaia itsaspetik" hain zuzen. Nobela hau Vernek seguruenik momentura arte sortu zuen nobelarik handiena da. Lan erraldoi horretan, Nautilus urpeko ontzi mitikoari esker itsasoetako sekretuak azaleratzen zaizkigu bidaia entretenigarri bezain hezitzaile batean, gaztetxoei (eta ez horren gaztetxoei) itsasoaren ikerketari buruzko sarbide paregabea eskainiz. Artikulu honetan, nobelaren eta haren autorearen inguruko zenbait gogoeta azaltzen dira; autoreak erakusten duen jakintza zientifiko eta koherentzia handia (baina inperfektua) eta Vernek geroago etorriko diren autoreengan duen eraginari buruzko hausnarketa txiki bat ere azaltzen da. Izan ere, ez dira egunero 150 urte betetzen, eta nobelaren garrantziak eta eraginak merezi du esfortzu txiki hau burutzea

Impacts of sewage sludges deposition on agricultural soils: Effects upon model soil organisms

During years sewage sludges have been worldwide poured in agricultural soils to enhance vegetal production. The "Landfill 17" located in Gernika-Lumo town (43°19'28.9"N 2°40'30.9"W) received for decades sewage sludges from the local Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) with agricultural purposes. To this WWTP, several pollutants as heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), PAHs (benzo(a)pyrene among many others) and pesticides (i.e. dieldrin) could have arrived from local industry and be widespread all over the landfill. Soil invertebrates like earthworms and plants are of special interest due to their close contact with the polluted matrix and their potential effects by the presence of pollutants. In this context, the aim of the present work was to determine the health status of landfill soils by evaluating the effects on model soil organisms exerted by long-lasted pollutants after on site deposition of WWTP active sludges. With such a purpose, different standard toxicity tests and cellular level endpoints were performed on lettuce and earthworms. Indeed, germination (EPA 850.4100) and root elongation (EPA 850.4230) tests were carried out in Lactuca sativa, while OECD acute toxicity test (OECD-204), reproduction test (OECD-222) and Calcein-AM viability test with coelomocytes were applied in Eisenia fetida worms. For the exposure, soils collected in the landfield containing low, medium and high concentrations of pollutants were selected, and as reference LUFA 2.3 natural standard soil was chosen. While no differences were shown in the assays with L. sativa, significant differences between sludge exposed groups and control group were recorded with E. fetida, with lower coelomocyte number and viability and higher tissue metal accumulation after 28days of exposure to polluted soils. These results confirmed the impact of contaminants to soil biota even after long periods of time.Basque Government (IT810-13), CTM2017-87766-R from MINECO, PhytoSUDOE-SOE1/P5/E0189, and Gernika City Hall

Sedimentuen toxikotasunaren azterketa integrala ekologikoki adierazgarriak diren espezieak erabiliz

Euskal kostaldean eta, nagusiki, estuarioetan, sedimentu ugari aurkitzen ditugu, egungo zein iraganeko giza jardueren eraginez substantzia toxiko ugari metatzen dituztenak. Horrek ingurumen-arazoak dakartza, eta sedimentu horiek modu egokian kudeatzera bultzatu behar gaitu. Horretarako, kutsatzaileok sedimentuetan duten portaera ulertu behar da, bai eta sedimentuen karakterizazio sakona egin ere. Gaur egunean indarrean dagoen legediak zenbait gidalerro eskaintzen dituen arren, hainbat lanek gidalerro horien mugak agerian utzi dituzte. Bereziki garrantzitsua da ohiko neurketa kimikoak sedimentuetan bizi diren organismoen ikerketekin uztartzea. Izan ere, haietan burutzen diren entseguek informazio oso baliagarria eskain dezakete sedimentuen toxikotasunaren eta, beraz, haien kudeaketa-beharraren inguruan. Entsegu horietarako erabiltzen diren bizidunek sedimentuan bizitzea eta han funtzio ekologiko garrantzitsua izatea komeni da. Horien artean Hediste diversicolor poliketoa dugu, sedimentuen kutsaduraren ebaluaziorako eta bioentsegu zehatz eta fidagarriak burutzeko morganismo aproposa dena. Horiez gain, in vitro teknika egokiak eta sentikorrak garatu dira espezie honetan, eta horrela esperimentazioan erabiltzen diren bizidunen kopurua mugatu egiten da. Beraz, gure sedimentuetan metatutako kutsatzaileen maila altuek izan ditzaketen arriskuen ebaluazio fidagarria lor daiteke, baldin eta analisi kimikoak eta ekologikoki adierazgarriak diren espezieetan gertatutako efektuak (analisi ekotoxikologikoak) integratzen badira.; In the Basque coast and mainly in estuaries, sediment deposition and accumulation occurs. It is noteworthy that different human activities have influenced on sediments that have undergone important inputs of different toxic substances over the years and even today. Since polluted sediments could pose a risk for the environment, we should proceed properly for an accurate environmental management. For that, firstly it is necessary to study and understand the behavior of pollutants in sediments and then to carry out characterization of sediments. Although the legislation currently in force provides certain guidelines, several works have revealed the limitations of these policies. Therefore, in addition to conventional chemical measurements, organisms living in estuarine sediments and tests performed in them can provide very useful information on sediment toxicity (and thus future use and management). Mainly, if these sentinel organisms are ecologically relevant species that inhabit those niches. Among organisms living in sediment, the polychaete Hediste diversicolor has been used for sediment toxicity assessment using bioassays. Moreover, in vitro techniques have been described in this species as very useful tools, limiting the number of organisms used in experiments and showing them as sensitive tools. Therefore, a reliable assessment of the hazards resulting from high levels of pollutants in sediments can be achieved, after integrating chemical analysis and effects measured in ecologically relevant species (ecotoxicological analysis)

Ekosistemen osasuna: klima-aldaketaren eta kutsaduraren arteko elkarrekintza

Tresna biologiko berriak behar dira klima-aldaketak lurzoruetako zein ekosistema itsastarretako organismoengan eragiten duen efektua aztertzeko. Asmo honekin Zelulen Biologia Ingurumen Toxikologian ikerketa-taldea, estres peko egonaldiaren, eragindako efektuen eta osasun-estatusaren biomarkatzaileak ugal-zikloan zehar garatzen eta aplikatzen ari da, ekosistema desberdinetako espezie sentikor zentineletan. Artikulu honetan ekosistemen osasunaren eta bere ebaluazioari buruzko auziaren egoera izan dugu ikusmiran klima-aldaketaren ikuspuntutik, eta etorkizunerako lan ildoak proposatu ditugu

Ehunen biologia

184 p.Lan honek hauxe du xede: Biozientziak (Biologia, Biokimika eta Biologia Molekularra, Bioteknologia eta Medikuntza) ikasten ari diren ikasleei Ehunen Biologia arloan testuliburu egoki eta erabilgarri bat eskaintzea. Histologia alorrean, liburu eta atlas histologiko ugari daude argitaratuta, baina ikasleei beren apunteak osatzeko euskarazko ikasmateriala sortzea izan da gure asmoa. Liburu honetan, animalien eta landareen ehun nagusiak deskribatzen dira. Testuan zehar emandako informazioa ulergarriagoa izan dadin, ikonografia eta mikroargazki lagungarriak aukeratu dira. Amaieran, gai bakoitzean agertzen diren termino nagusiak definitzen dituen glosarioa gehitu da. Azkenengo atalean, bibliografia zerrendatu da, eta Ehunen Biologian informazio-iturri moduan erabili daitezkeen testuliburu, artikulu eta web orriak ageri dira. Lan hau lau atal nagusitan dago banatuta: Garapenaren Zelulen Biologia, Animalia Histologia, Landare Histologia eta Metodoak eta Teknikak Histologian. Ehunen jatorri enbrionarioa deskribatzen duen hasierako atal horretan, animaliengan enbriogenesian zehar gertatzen diren desberdintzapen-prozesu goiztiarrak azaltzen dira. Ondoren, ornodunetan aurkitu daitezkeen lau ehun nagusiak lantzen dira, hau da, epitelioa, ehun konektiboa, muskulua eta nerbioa. Ehun bakoitzaren ezaugarri nagusiak eta osagaiak deskribatzen dira. Gainera, honako hauek modu zehatzean aurkezten dira: zelula motak, antolaketa mailak, garapena eta desberdintzapena, berreraketa, funtzioak eta beste ehunekiko duten erlazioa zein organoen eraketan nola hartzen duten parte. Ornodunen ehunez gain, ornogabeetan agertzen diren ehun berezi nagusiak deskribatzen dira. Landareen histologiari dagokion atalean, egitura nagusiak eta zelula-motak azaltzen dira. Azkenik, egitura histologikoen azterketarako erabiltzen diren metodo eta prozesamendu arruntenak deskribatzen dira

Ekosistemen osasuna: klima-aldaketaren eta kutsaduraren arteko elkarrekintza

Tresna biologiko berriak behar dira klima-aldaketak lurzoruetako zein ekosistema itsastarretako organismoengan eragiten duen efektua aztertzeko. Asmo honekin Zelulen Biologia Ingurumen Toxikologian ikerketa-taldea, estres peko egonaldiaren, eragindako efektuen eta osasun-estatusaren biomarkatzaileak ugal-zikloan zehar garatzen eta aplikatzen ari da, ekosistema desberdinetako espezie sentikor zentineletan. Artikulu honetan ekosistemen osasunaren eta bere ebaluazioari buruzko auziaren egoera izan dugu ikusmiran klima-aldaketaren ikuspuntutik, eta etorkizunerako lan ildoak proposatu ditugu

Ehunen biologia

184 p.Lan honek hauxe du xede: Biozientziak (Biologia, Biokimika eta Biologia Molekularra, Bioteknologia eta Medikuntza) ikasten ari diren ikasleei Ehunen Biologia arloan testuliburu egoki eta erabilgarri bat eskaintzea. Histologia alorrean, liburu eta atlas histologiko ugari daude argitaratuta, baina ikasleei beren apunteak osatzeko euskarazko ikasmateriala sortzea izan da gure asmoa. Liburu honetan, animalien eta landareen ehun nagusiak deskribatzen dira. Testuan zehar emandako informazioa ulergarriagoa izan dadin, ikonografia eta mikroargazki lagungarriak aukeratu dira. Amaieran, gai bakoitzean agertzen diren termino nagusiak definitzen dituen glosarioa gehitu da. Azkenengo atalean, bibliografia zerrendatu da, eta Ehunen Biologian informazio-iturri moduan erabili daitezkeen testuliburu, artikulu eta web orriak ageri dira. Lan hau lau atal nagusitan dago banatuta: Garapenaren Zelulen Biologia, Animalia Histologia, Landare Histologia eta Metodoak eta Teknikak Histologian. Ehunen jatorri enbrionarioa deskribatzen duen hasierako atal horretan, animaliengan enbriogenesian zehar gertatzen diren desberdintzapen-prozesu goiztiarrak azaltzen dira. Ondoren, ornodunetan aurkitu daitezkeen lau ehun nagusiak lantzen dira, hau da, epitelioa, ehun konektiboa, muskulua eta nerbioa. Ehun bakoitzaren ezaugarri nagusiak eta osagaiak deskribatzen dira. Gainera, honako hauek modu zehatzean aurkezten dira: zelula motak, antolaketa mailak, garapena eta desberdintzapena, berreraketa, funtzioak eta beste ehunekiko duten erlazioa zein organoen eraketan nola hartzen duten parte. Ornodunen ehunez gain, ornogabeetan agertzen diren ehun berezi nagusiak deskribatzen dira. Landareen histologiari dagokion atalean, egitura nagusiak eta zelula-motak azaltzen dira. Azkenik, egitura histologikoen azterketarako erabiltzen diren metodo eta prozesamendu arruntenak deskribatzen dira

Lurzoru kutsatuen karakterizazio intentsiboa in vivo eta in silico fokatzeak erabiliz

The anthropic activities during the last decade are causing damages on ecosystems. In fact, animal husbandry, agriculture, and industrial activities have increased the proportion of soils contaminated with pesticides and metals. The presence of pollutants could affect soil organisms and the Ecosystem Services provided; thus, a proper risk evaluation is required in order to assess the final environmental impacts of pollutants. In silico models are tools designed to predict environmental concentrations of released pollutants that could assist on substances evaluation and regulation. Meanwhile, the health paradigm, understanding the natural environment as an inter-related compartment, has been spread within the scientific community. Hence, the measurement of toxicological effects produced by contaminants on soil organisms (using in vivo tests and biomarkers) gained a high reputation for evaluating environmental health. This work presents different approaches, techniques, software, guidelines and tests for assessing contaminated soils; crucial for an integrative soil assessment; Azken hamarkadatako jarduera antropikoak ekosistemetan desorekak sortzen hasiak dira. Horrela, abeltzaintzak, nekazaritzak eta aktibitate industrialek pestizida eta metalekin kutsaturiko lurzoruen proportzioa emendarazi dute. Kutsatzaileen presentziak, lurzoruetan bizi diren organismoak eta beraz, lurzoruak eskaintzen dituen Zerbitzu Ekosistemikoak erasatea ekarri dezake, arrisku ebaluazio egokien beharra eskatuz. In silico modeloak, kutsatzaile baten aplikazio osteko ingurumen kontzentrazioak aurreikusteko tresna egokiak dira, substantzien arrisku ebaluazioan eta erregulazioan lagun dezaketenak. Bestetik, kutsatzaileak lurzoruan duten inpaktua ebaluatze aldera, osasunaren paradigma ikuspuntua; hots, medio naturalak inter-erlazionatutako konpartimentu gisa ulertzen dituena, hedatzen hasi da komunitate zientifikoaren baitan. Era honetan, kutsatzaileek lurzoru organimoengan eragindako efektu toxikologikoen neurketak (in vivo test-ak eta biomarkatzaileak erabiltzen dituztenak) omen handia irabazi dute ingurumenaren osasuna ebaluatzerako orduan. Lan honetan, kutsatutako lurzoruak ebaluatzeko ikuspuntu, teknika, software, gidalerro eta test ezberdinak aurkezten dira; lurzoru ebaluazio integral bat burutzeko beharrezkoak direnak

Innovative in vivo and in vitro bioassays for the establishment of toxicity thresholds of pollutants in sediment quality assessment using polychaetes and their immune cells.

Sediment toxicity testing has become a crucial component for assessing the risks posed by contaminated sediments and for the development of sediment quality assessment strategies. Commonly used organisms for bioassays with estuarine sediments include amphipods, Arenicola marina polychaetes and echinoids. Among the latter, the Sea Urchin Embryo test (SET) is the most widely used. However, one relevant limitation of this bioassay is the unavailability of gametes all year-round, particularly outside the natural spawning seasons. Consequently, the establishment of an appropriate and complementary model organism for a continuous assessment of sediment quality is recommended. A reliable assessment of the hazards resulting from pollutants in sediments or pore water, can be achieved with ecologically relevant species of sediment such as the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, which is widespread in estuaries and has the capacity to accumulate pollutants. The aim of this work was to develop reliable in vivo and in vitro bioassays with H. diversicolor and its coelomocytes (immune cells) to determine the toxicity thresholds of different contaminants bounded to sediments or resuspended into water. Polychaetes were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CuCl2 (in vivo) and a non-invasive method for collection of polychaetes coelomocytes was applied for the in vitro bioassay, exposing cells to a series of CuCl2 and AgNPs concentrations. Same reference toxicants were used to expose Paracentrotus lividus following the SET (ICES N 51; Beiras et al., 2012) and obtained toxicity thresholds were compared between the two species. In vivo exposure of polychaetes to high concentrations of Cu produced weight loss and histopathological alterations. After in vitro approaches, a significant decrease in coelomocytes viability was recorded for both toxicants, in a monotonic dose-response curve, at very short-exposure times (2h). The toxicity thresholds obtained with polychaetes were in line with the ones obtained with the SET, concluding that their sensitivity is similar. In conclusion, in vivo and in vitro bioassays developed with H. diversicolor are accurate toxicity screenings of pollutants that could be bounded to sediments or dissolved in the pore water, and may complement the SET outside the spawning period of the echinoderms. The bioassays herein developed could be applied not only to establish the toxicity thresholds of individual compounds or mixtures, but also to assess the toxicity of field collected sediments.The authors thank Basque Government (Grant to Consolidated Research Groups; IT1302-19, IT1213-19) and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SEAdimenTOX project, CTM 2017-87766-R)

Variability and distribution of parasites, pathologies and their effect on wild mussels (Mytilus sp) in different environments along a wide latitudinal span in the Northern Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

[EN] Histopathological examination in mussels can provide useful information for the diagnosis of ecosystem health status. The distribution of parasites in mussels can be conditioned by several environmental factors, including mussels collecting sites or the presence/absence of other species necessary to complete the complex life cycle of certain parasites. Thus, these variables could not only govern the parasitic burden of mussels but also the presence of pathologies associated to parasitism. The aim of this study was to identify the histopathological alterations which could be indicative of a health status distress along a wide latitudinal span in the Northern Atlantic and Arctic Oceans in mussels of two size-classes sampled in clean and impacted sites. A latitudinal gradient is clearly observed in gamete developmental stages as northern and southern mussels presented different conditions at the same period. Furthermore, mussels of the same size in different latitudes presented differences in the reproductive cycle and the appearance of related pathologies, which probably meant the age of individuals was different. In addition, specific parasitic profiles ruled by latitudinal conditions and the settlement of mussels in the shore (horizontal/vertical) have been demonstrated to be significantly influential in the health condition of mussels. Furthermore, the present work provides the first histological description of Gymnophallus cf. bursicola parasite causing a considerable host response in Tromso and Iceland plus the report of grave histopathological status that included high prevalence of granulocytomas in Scotland and Germany.This work has been partially funded by the following sources: EU GRACE Project (Grant Agreement Number 679266) ; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU, predoctoral fellowship to DB) , and Basque Government (IT810-13)