ETHANOL DEHYDRATION WITH PROTEIN EXTRACTED CANOLA MEAL IN A PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION PROCESS

Bioethanol is the most widely used biofuel nowadays, which can be derived from renewable sources of energy and is also environmentally friendly. The resulting ethanol from biomass, however, is as a mixture containing 10-15 wt% ethanol mixed with water and other organics. In order to be used as a fuel, the mixture should be purified to at least 99.5 wt% ethanol. Among several processes which have been applied to obtain fuel grade ethanol, adsorption using bioadsorbents seems more appealing due to low operation costs and high efficiency. In this study, canola meal after protein extraction was chosen as the biosorbent to dehydrate ethanol in a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system. The breakthrough experiments were conducted to investigate the equilibrium and kinetics of the process. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed flow rate and vapor feed concentration as well as adsorbent particle size, on the adsorption process were examined. The experimental results were compared in terms of breakthrough time, selectivity of water over ethanol and the slope of the breakthrough curve which is an indication of the mass transfer rate. The Dubinin- Polanyi model which is based on the adsorption potential theory represented a reasonable fit with the equilibrium data. The mean free energy of the adsorption process was calculated to be 0.04 kJ/ mole, which indicated the physical nature of the adsorption process. It was demonstrated that over 99 wt% ethanol was achieved using protein extracted canola meal as the biosorbent in a pressure swing adsorption process. However, a significant amount of ethanol was also adsorbed along with water which led the selectivity of the biosorbent to adsorb water over ethanol to be less than 4

Burnout in Primary Health Care Providers in Mazandaran Province

Background: Burnout describes negative changes in attitude, mood and behavior in people under work-related stress. This study determines the degree of job burnout inprimary health care providers in Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted on 208 primary health care providers working in Sari in 2015using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The self-administered questionnaire was completed by the participants and data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The mean scores of the four dimensions of burnout were calculated using the frequency and intensity scores.Results: A total of 62.9% of the participants were female  and a majority was married (91%). Approximately 21% of the participants were completely satisfied with their essential workplace facilities. The mean scores of the intensity and frequency of emotional exhaustion were 17.19±14.65 and 15.84±12.27. The mean scores of the intensity and frequency of the lack of personal accomplishment were 36.8±12.17 and 30.34±9.72. As for depersonalization, the mean scores of intensity and frequency were 4.22±5.36 and3.95±4.53. The mean scores of  the intensity and frequency of conflict were 6.67±5.12 and 6.18±4.26. The mean scores of the intensity and frequency of overall burnou twere also 64.89±22.95 and 56.31±19.87. There were significant relationships between the intensity and frequency of overall burnout and dissatisfaction with work experience, income, interest in the job and workplace facilities (P<0.05).Conclusions: Given the relationship between job burnout and variables including income and essential workplace facilities, it is imperative to improve health care providers’payment and salary and provide them with any essential facilities at their workplace and enable career advancement so as to help reduce burnout in different dimensions

Burnout in Primary Health Care Providers in Mazandaran Province

Background: Burnout describes negative changes in attitude, mood and behavior in people under work-related stress. This study determines the degree of job burnout inprimary health care providers in Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted on 208 primary health care providers working in Sari in 2015using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The self-administered questionnaire was completed by the participants and data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The mean scores of the four dimensions of burnout were calculated using the frequency and intensity scores.Results: A total of 62.9% of the participants were female  and a majority was married (91%). Approximately 21% of the participants were completely satisfied with their essential workplace facilities. The mean scores of the intensity and frequency of emotional exhaustion were 17.19±14.65 and 15.84±12.27. The mean scores of the intensity and frequency of the lack of personal accomplishment were 36.8±12.17 and 30.34±9.72. As for depersonalization, the mean scores of intensity and frequency were 4.22±5.36 and3.95±4.53. The mean scores of  the intensity and frequency of conflict were 6.67±5.12 and 6.18±4.26. The mean scores of the intensity and frequency of overall burnou twere also 64.89±22.95 and 56.31±19.87. There were significant relationships between the intensity and frequency of overall burnout and dissatisfaction with work experience, income, interest in the job and workplace facilities (P<0.05).Conclusions: Given the relationship between job burnout and variables including income and essential workplace facilities, it is imperative to improve health care providers’payment and salary and provide them with any essential facilities at their workplace and enable career advancement so as to help reduce burnout in different dimensions

Water Removal from Ethanol Vapor by Adsorption on Canola Meal after Protein Extraction

In this paper, biosorbents based on canola meal obtained after protein extraction were developed to adsorb water from ethanol–water vapor mixture in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process. It was demonstrated that through the process over 99 wt % fuel grade ethanol was achieved from lower grade feeds containing 80–95 wt % ethanol at 90–110 °C and 136–243 kPa. The breakthrough curve technique was used to investigate the adsorption dynamics and equilibrium. The effects of temperature, pressure, vapor feed concentration, and adsorbent particle size on water and ethanol uptake and separation factor were examined. External water mass transfer coefficients were also calculated. The model based on Dubinin–Polanyi potential theory fit the water adsorption isotherms reasonably well. The mean free energy of water adsorption was calculated to be 0.04 kJ/mol, and heat of adsorption was −35.81 kJ/mol, which indicated the physical nature of the adsorption. Water saturated canola meal biosorbents were regenerated at 90 °C under vacuum and reused

Burnout and its Influencing Factors among Primary Health Care Providers in the North East of Iran

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Burnout is a popular research topics in service providing jobs, including the health care field. This study aimed at assessing the level of job burnout and to consider the important antecedents which might be related to job burnout among primary health care providers in Iran.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The participants in this applied cross-sectional study which was conducted in 2013 were 548 primary health care providers who were randomly selected from among those working in Shahroud, Sabzevar, Neishabour, Bojnord (provinces located in the north east of Iran). Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was administered to the participants and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS through chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression model.</p><p>Results</p><p>The burnout mean score among the participants was 54.1 ± 27.2 and the mean scores of burnout components i.e., emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment were 15.5 ± 13.6, 3.7 ± 5.4 and 35.5 ± 13.5 respectively. In terms of levels of burnout, 64.2% of the participants showed low levels (n = 352), 18.4% average levels (n = 101) and 17.3% high levels (n = 95). A significant relationship was observed between burnout, job resources and interest in job (p ≤ 0.05). However, no significant relationship was observed between burnout and the place (university) of working, age, satisfaction with income, experience, gender, level of education, marital status, housing status, having a second job and place of residence (p ≥0.05).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Lack of personal accomplishment was highly prevalent among the participating primary health care providers. Lack of career advancement and job transfer opportunities may play a role in the burnout of primary health care providers. Therefore, paying attention to this aspect may help to reduce burnout and even increase job engagement.</p></div

The relationship between burnout and physical facilities and interest in the job among primary health care providers (n = 548) studied in 2013 by multivariate analysis using ordinal logistic regression model.

<p>The relationship between burnout and physical facilities and interest in the job among primary health care providers (n = 548) studied in 2013 by multivariate analysis using ordinal logistic regression model.</p

The frequency distribution of burnout dimensions based on demographic variables and experience, workplace facilities, interest in the job, satisfaction with income and second job variables among primary health care providers (n = 548) in north east of Iran, 2013.

<p>The frequency distribution of burnout dimensions based on demographic variables and experience, workplace facilities, interest in the job, satisfaction with income and second job variables among primary health care providers (n = 548) in north east of Iran, 2013.</p

Demographic characteristics among primary health care providers (n = 548) in north east of Iran, 2013.

<p>Demographic characteristics among primary health care providers (n = 548) in north east of Iran, 2013.</p