[Cisteinski katepsini, stefini in razgradnja izvenceličnega matriksa med invazijo človeških transformiranih celičnih linij raka dojke]

Background. Human breast cellular model, comprising four cell lines originating from spontaneously immortalized human breast epithelial MCF10A cell line, its c-Ha-ras transfectant, MCF10AT, and two tumourigenic derivatives, cultured from two sequential mouse xenographs, MCF10AT-Ca1a and MCF10AT-Ca1d, were used to compare the relative protein concentration of cathepsins and stefins in single cells. Methods. The relative protein concentration of cathepsins and stefins in single cells was analysed by confocal microscopy, and compared to their protein expression in cell homogenates. Results. The most invasive, MCF10AT cell line contained several fold higher protein concentration of cathepsin B and increased levels of stefins, but similar levels of cathepsin L, compared with the parental MCF10A cells. This was associated with five fold higher endocytosis of Matrigel-DQ-collagen IV (DQC) and a simultaneous increase in signal overlap between DQC and cathepsin L as well as DQC and stefin B, but a decrease in that of DQC and cathepsin B overlap in the MCF10AT cells. Simultaneously, increased signal overlaps between both cathepsins and between cathepsins-stefins pairs, were observed in this cell line. Conclusions. These results suggest that the increased collagen endocytosis and degradation in theinvasive phenotype significantly affect also the subcellular localization of cysteine cathepsins and stefins. Based on these and the reports of other authors, we hypothesize that the intracellular degradation may also be assoeiated with cathepsin L, whereas cathepsin B in the ras transformed breastcells is involved in both, the intracellular and pericellular degradation of extracellular matrix during cell migration and invasion

Body Mass Index and Nutritional Status of the Bayash Roma from Eastern Croatia

This study examines anthropometrically assessed nutritional status of the Bayash, the Roma population from the eastern Croatian region of Baranya, and compares it to the non-Roma general population of eastern Croatia. The analysis of nutritional status and diets is a segment of multidisciplinary anthropological and epidemiological survey of the Roma minority population in Croatia began in 2005. The Bayash are an ethnic group that arrived to Croatia from Romania most likely in the 19th century and speaks a distinct archaic dialect of the Romanian language. The Roma population of Baranya approximates 1,000 according to the 2001 census. The Bayash sample comprised 227 adults aged 18–65 yrs. The women fall below the Croatian 10th percentile for stature and men track about the 10th percentile. Both sexes approximate the 25th percentile for body weight. Despite their diminutive size, the Bayash appear to have adequate nutritional status until the age of 35 yrs after which their average BMI exceeds the value of 25 kg/m2 and falls in the overweight category. However, 8% of Bayash are underweight (BMI<18.5) in contrast to 1% of the majority population in the region. Underweight rates are especially high in women (11%) compared to men (4%). The prevalence of overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9) of 30% is considerably lower than in the majority population (42%) while the prevalence of obesity (BMI>or=30.0) of 23% is approximately equal. Overall unsatisfactory nutritional status of the Bayash merits attention. It appears to be the product of unhealthy dietary habits and their socio-economic deprivation that resulted from their poor education and extremely high unemployment

FINANCIAL FUNCTION ANALYSIS IN THE COMPANY X

Finančna funkcija je v današnjem času nepogrešljiva temeljna poslovna funkcija ne glede na velikost podjetja. Podjetnikom, predvsem pa izvajalcem so pri analizi in ureditvi finančne funkcije v podjetju v veliko pomoč slovenski poslovno-finančni standardi, ki imajo tudi podzakonsko veljavo. Dobro poznavanje standardov pripomore k boljšemu izkoriščanju različnih možnosti priskrbe sredstev ob najnižjih stroških financiranja, omogoča racionalno uporabo sredstev, uspešno gospodarjenje z njimi in optimalno investiranje. V majhnem podjetju, kot je v nalogi preučevano podjetje, finančna funkcija ni organizirana kot samostojna organizacijska enota. Glavno, torej odločilno funkcijo ima direktor (in lastnik) podjetja, posamezne naloge finančne funkcije pa so razdeljene med vodilni kader v podjetju. Kljub temu, da je podjetje Hermi, d. o. o. uspešno in posluje z dobičkom, bi bilo smiselno razmisliti o investiranju v informacijski sistem, ki bi podjetju omogočal vlaganje denarnih presežkov (in ne držanje teh), posvečanje več časa področju zalog ter spremljanje dogajanj na investicijskem trgu. Podjetje bi tako ob hkratnem zmanjšanju odhodkov (boljše upravljanje z zalogami in izkoriščanje novo nastalih priložnosti na trgu investicij) in povečanju prihodkov (vlaganje presežkov) še povečalo dobiček, kar bi mu omogočalo nadaljnjo rast in bi hitreje postalo najbolj prepoznaven ponudnik prenapetostne zaščite v državah nekdanje Jugoslavije, kar je cilj, ki si ga je zastavil lastnik podjetja.The financial function is nowadays an indispensable basic business function irrespective of the size of a company. When analysing and developing the financial function, entrepreneurs and particularly those in charge of the financial function benefit enormously from the Slovenian Business-Financial Standards which have the nature of an executive act. Good knowledge of the standards contributes to the better utilisation of the options for obtaining assets at the lowest possible financing costs, enables economical use of resources, their successful management, and optimal investment. In a small company, such as the one studied in the thesis, the financial function is not organised as an independent organisational unit. The main and therefore the decisive function is held by the director (and owner) of the company, while the individual tasks of the financial function are divided among the managerial staff in the company. Despite the Hermi, d. o. o. company being successful and profitable, it would be sensible to consider investing into an information system, which would enable the company to invest surplus monetary assets (so that it would not hold on to them), devote more time to inventories and to monitoring the state-of-affairs on the investment market. Alongside a simultaneous reduction of expenditures (improved inventory management and utilisation of new opportunities on the investment market) and increase in revenues (surplus investment), the company could thus increase its profits, which would enable it further growth. This would in turn make it possible to faster become a recognisable provider of lightning protection in the countries of former Yugoslavia, which is a goal that the owner of the company has set for himself

[Cisteinski katepsini, stefini in razgradnja izvenceličnega matriksa med invazijo človeških transformiranih celičnih linij raka dojke]

Background. Human breast cellular model, comprising four cell lines originating from spontaneously immortalized human breast epithelial MCF10A cell line, its c-Ha-ras transfectant, MCF10AT, and two tumourigenic derivatives, cultured from two sequential mouse xenographs, MCF10AT-Ca1a and MCF10AT-Ca1d, were used to compare the relative protein concentration of cathepsins and stefins in single cells. Methods. The relative protein concentration of cathepsins and stefins in single cells was analysed by confocal microscopy, and compared to their protein expression in cell homogenates. Results. The most invasive, MCF10AT cell line contained several fold higher protein concentration of cathepsin B and increased levels of stefins, but similar levels of cathepsin L, compared with the parental MCF10A cells. This was associated with five fold higher endocytosis of Matrigel-DQ-collagen IV (DQC) and a simultaneous increase in signal overlap between DQC and cathepsin L as well as DQC and stefin B, but a decrease in that of DQC and cathepsin B overlap in the MCF10AT cells. Simultaneously, increased signal overlaps between both cathepsins and between cathepsins-stefins pairs, were observed in this cell line. Conclusions. These results suggest that the increased collagen endocytosis and degradation in theinvasive phenotype significantly affect also the subcellular localization of cysteine cathepsins and stefins. Based on these and the reports of other authors, we hypothesize that the intracellular degradation may also be assoeiated with cathepsin L, whereas cathepsin B in the ras transformed breastcells is involved in both, the intracellular and pericellular degradation of extracellular matrix during cell migration and invasion

ERIC and WGS typing of Paenibacillus larvae in Slovenia

Simple Summary American foulbrood is a serious disease of honeybees caused by Paenibacillus larvae. ERIC-PCR is a widely used method for typing of P. larvae that currently divides it into five ERIC types (ERIC I–V)these differ in certain phenotypic characteristics—most importantly, virulence. In the first part of the study, we assessed the distribution of ERIC types in Slovenia in the period 2017–2019 on a set of 506 P. larvae isolates. We identified ERIC II as the predominant type (70.2%), followed by ERIC I (29.8%). In the second part of the study, we typed 59 outbreak-related ERIC I isolates using whole-genome sequencing, which revealed seven ERIC I-ST2 outbreak clusters (≤35 allele differences). The transmission of the outbreak clone within a 3-km radius was observed in all seven clusters and could be explained by the activity of honeybees. The transmission of the outbreak clone between geographically distant apiaries was observed in three clusters and could be explained by migratory beekeeping and trading of bee colonies. The present findings highlight the importance of beekeeping activities in the transmission of P. larvae over large geographic distances. Abstract Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a fatal disease of honeybee brood. Here, we obtained 506 P. larvae isolates originating from honey or brood samples and from different geographic regions of Slovenia in the period 2017–2019. In the first part of the study, we conducted ERIC-PCR typing to assess the frequency of ERIC types in Slovenia. Capillary electrophoresis was used for the analysis of ERIC patterns, revealing good separation efficiency and enabling easy lane-to-lane comparisons. ERIC II was the predominant type (70.2%), followed by ERIC I (29.8%)two slightly altered ERIC I banding patterns were observed but were not considered relevant for the discrimination of ERIC types. No evident spatiotemporal clustering of ERIC types was observed. To assess the clonality of the outbreak-related P. larvae ERIC I isolates, 59 isolates of this type underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) revealed seven ERIC I-ST2 outbreak clusters (≤35 allele differences) with the median intra-outbreak diversity ranging from 7 to 27 allele differences. In all seven clusters, the transmission of P. larvae outbreak clone within a 3-km radius (AFB zone) was observed, which could be explained by the activity of honeybees. In three clusters, the transmission of the outbreak clone between geographically distant apiaries was revealed, which could be explained by the activities of beekeepers such as migratory beekeeping and trading of bee colonies. The present findings reinforce the importance of beekeeping activities in the transmission of P. larvae. WGS should be used as a reference typing method for the detection of P. larvae transmission cluster