Relationships Between Higher Education Leaders and Subordinates in Pakistan: A Path-Goal Approach

This article is based on a quantitative research to examine the leadership behaviour of degree college principals, selected personal and organizational characteristics, acceptance of leadership, faculty job satisfaction and job expectancies. Leadership style was defined in four dimensions – directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented. The measuring instrument comprised 120 items and was administered to the randomly selected sample of 854 lecturers and 138 principals. Twenty-six hypotheses were tested in educational setting. MANCOVA and ANCOVA were used to discover the moderating affect of situational variables on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates’ outcomes, controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. The moderators tested in three-way interactions included need for autonomy, need for achievement, perception about ability, locus of control, task structure and stress. Findings indicated that the support for House’s path-goal theory was limited. Only 16 of the 26 three-way interactions accorded with the predictions of theory

Income Mobility in Old Age in Britain and Germany

The increases in human longevity in recent decades and the trends for early retirement have posed new challenges for policy makers, and require a holistic understanding of the processes that influence the economic resources of older people. This paper contributes to this knowledge by examining the income mobility experienced by older people living in Britain and Germany during the 1990s, and by identifying personal attributes and life-course events that influenced its direction and likelihood. The analysis uses the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) panel data. The comparative perspective yields insights about the different income experience of older people in the two markedly different welfare regimes. Results show that old-age income mobility is more pronounced in Britain than in Germany, and that in both countries its occurrence is particularly associated with changes in living arrangements, in the employment status of the co-resident family members and with widowhood among women. Unemployment during working life is also associated with significant negative later life income mobility. Among those on low incomes, a high share of income from an earnings-related pension had a significant and positive effect in both countries. One policy implication is the need to strengthen the social safety net, to safeguard against downward income mobility in old age, particularly among widows. Policy incentives are required to encourage flexible living arrangements in old age, as well as a greater protection from unemployment during working life, more so in Germany than in Britain.income mobility, old age, pensions, Britain and Germany

Influence of gallic and tannic acids on enzymatic activity and growth of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Dickeya chrysanthemi bv. chrysanthemi)

The effect of phenolic acids (gallic and tannic acids) on growth of Pectobacterium chrysanhemi, and its protease and pectate lyase activities was tested. The results obtained showed a significant inhibitingeffect of the tannic and gallic acids on the growth of this strain. The growth rate decreases in the presence of 400 g/ml for gallic acid and 100 ìg/ml fortannic acid. The enzymatic activity retardationwas observed with the two phenolic compounds as well but the rate of inhibition varied from one compound to another. The highest antimicrobial potentials and the highest effect on enzymatic activities were observed with the tannic acid at 200 g/ml, which inhibited 91% of the tested microorganisms, and 88% of pectate lyase activity

A Gradual Shift in U.S. Privacy Laws towards a Comprehensive Regime

This paper examines the current trends in a predominantly sectoral U.S. privacy regime that appears to be becoming more comprehensive in nature with respect to data privacy protection. This trend has been greatly attributed to the European Union\u27s comprehensive position on data privacy protection. This paper investigates the growth in U.S. data privacy protection in relation to federal and state legislative history, federal administrative procedures, and private industry efforts. This shift from sectoral to comprehensive regimes is significant in the backdrop of U.S-EU trade relations

INVESTIGATION OF CCN1 ROLE(S) IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL)

Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) is a comparatively rare non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma which is characterised by the overexpression of cyclin D1. Many patients present with or progress to advanced stage disease within three years. Disease progression involves down regulation of cyclin D1. Moreover, MCL is broadly considered as an incurable disease with median survival of patients being 3-4 years. CCN1, a matricellular protein involved in stem cell signalling within the haematopoietic microenvironment is highly expressed in early stage MCL cells and down-regulated in advanced stage disease. We have used the human MCL cell lines REC1<G519<JVM2 as a model for disease aggression. We have investigated the role(s) of CCN1, cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors in MCL progression. CCN1 dysregulation is identified in MCL progression whereby the magnitude of CCN1 expression in human MCL cells is REC1˃G519˃JVM2 cells by RQ-PCR, depicting a decrease in CCN1 expression with disease progression. Further investigation of CCN1 protein expression by western blotting showed that whilst expression of full–length CCN1 (42kDa) barely altered through the cell lines, expression of the truncated form (20kDa) was high in REC1 cells (OD:1.0) reduced in G519 cells (OD:0.5) and barely detected in JVM2 cells depicting decreased with disease progression. We have then demonstrated that cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (p21CIP1and p27KIP1) are also involved in disease progression using the above MCL cell line model. Cyclin D1 was highly expressed in REC1 cells (OD: 1.0), reduced to one fifth in G519 cells (OD: 0.2) and not detected by western blotting in JVM2 cells. p27KIP1 followed a similar profile of expression as cyclin D1. Conversely, p21CIP1 was absent in the REC1 cells and showed increasing expression in G519 and JVM2 cells. Subcellular localization detected p21CIP1/ p27KIP1 primarily within the cytoplasm and absent from the nucleus, consistent with altered roles in treatment resistance. Mitochondrial detection of p21 in the JVM2 cell line supports an additional anti-apoptotic role. CCN1 likely plays a key role in B cell development; dysregulation of CCN1 may support MCL progression with p21CIP1 and p27kIP1 forming molecular signatures associated with progressive disease. REC1 cells and JVM2 cells were genetically modified using lentivirus to identify the potential pathways associated with CCN1. CCN1 knockdown was performed in REC1 cells (REC1 KD) and CCN1 overexpression in JVM2 cells (CCN1 OE). Proteomics analysis of JVM2 OE and REC1 KD revealed interesting results showing regulation of 44 proteins. 19 proteins regulated by CCN1 that simultaneously downregulated in the CCN1 KD model and up-regulated in CCN1 OE model. 25 proteins modulated by CCN1 that simultaneously up-regulated in CCN1 KD model and down-regulated in CCN1 OE model. Our results suggest novel roles for CCN1. Whilst CCN1 roles are substantial in solid tumour research, CCN1 role(s) within the haematopoietic compartment are less well defined or investigated. CCN1 may have potential role(s) as a novel pro-inflammation regulator by modulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and within regulation of haematopoiesis via pre-B cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF1). CCN1 was shown to modulate calcium ion signalling by targeting intracellular calcium receptor protein Calmodulin 3 (CALM 3). CCN1 altered Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) and Talin 1 (TLN1) expression and could potentiate new targets to supplement treatment for MCL. However, these novel pathways would need further investigation to identify the role(s) of CCN1 in B cell development and within the bone marrow microenvironment where regulation of haematopoiesis ensues.Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researc

Complexes of Some Group(IV) Metal Halides with 5-Aminoindazole

The synthesis and characterisation of Sn(IV) halides, Ge(IV), Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) chloride complexes of the type MX4 : Li_ 2 with 5-aminoindazole has been made. The possible structure of these complexes has been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra suggest unidentate behaviour of the ligand involving pyrrole nitrogen in all the cases except the tin(IV) bromide complex, where the ligand exhibits its bidentate nature, involving the pyridyl nitrogen. An octahedral geometry has been proposed for all the complexes. In the case of MX4 :\u27L type complexes, except for SnBr4 : L, an octahedral halogen bridged structure has been proposed

Complexes of Some Group(IV) Metal Halides with 5-Aminoindazole

The synthesis and characterisation of Sn(IV) halides, Ge(IV), Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) chloride complexes of the type MX4 : Li_ 2 with 5-aminoindazole has been made. The possible structure of these complexes has been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra suggest unidentate behaviour of the ligand involving pyrrole nitrogen in all the cases except the tin(IV) bromide complex, where the ligand exhibits its bidentate nature, involving the pyridyl nitrogen. An octahedral geometry has been proposed for all the complexes. In the case of MX4 :\u27L type complexes, except for SnBr4 : L, an octahedral halogen bridged structure has been proposed

Organizational Factors, Teachers’ Professional Development and Teaching Practices: Findings from Female Elementary School Teachers

Development of teaching competencies has always considered the most prolific dimension in teaching education. It assists teachers in teaching and in preparing to adopt more functional orientation practices beneficial towards teaching practice. This study aimed to investigate the antecedents of teachers’ teaching practices. Primary data through survey was collected from 377 female elementary school teachers from private sector schools based in Karachi. Smart PLS was used for data analysis. Findings of this study revealed a significant relationship among organizational factors, teachers’ professional development and teachers’ teaching practices. This paper contributes to existing knowledge by reporting new empirical evidences from female elementary school teachers. Hence, this research provides practitioners and policy makers with better insights into some practices that could improve teaching practices.

Neural locus of color afterimages.

After fixating on a colored pattern, observers see a similar pattern in complementary colors when the stimulus is removed. Afterimages were important in disproving the theory that visual rays emanate from the eye[1], in demonstrating inter-ocular interactions[2], and in revealing the independence of binocular-vision from eye-movements[3]. Afterimages also prove invaluable in exploring selective attention[4], filling-in[5], and consciousness[6]. Proposed physiological mechanisms for color afterimages range from bleaching of cone photo-pigments[7] to cortical adaptation[4–6, 8, 9], but direct neural measurements have not been reported. We introduce a time-varying method for evoking after-images, which provides precise measurements of adaptation and a direct link between visual percepts and neural responses[10]. We then use in vivo electrophysiological recordings to show that all three classes of primate retinal ganglion cells exhibit subtractive adaptation to prolonged stimuli, with much slower time-constants than those expected of photoreceptors. At the cessation of the stimulus, ganglion cells generate rebound responses that can provide afterimage signals for later neurons. Our results indicate that afterimage signals are generated in the retina, but may be modified like other retinal signals by cortical processes[4–6], so that evidence presented for cortical generation of color afterimages[8, 9] is explainable by spatio-temporal factors that apply to all signals