Room(s) for More: A Communal Dwelling or Family Home at Ephrata

According to the Chronicon Ephratense, the chronicle of Ephrata’s official history, edited and partially written by Peter Miller and published in 1786, the celibate sisters lived in three different communal structures at Ephrata. One surviving building at Ephrata raises questions about the possibility of an additional structure for multiple monastic residents. The building interpreted currently as the Weaver’s House at Ephrata Cloister has been viewed as a single-family house since the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission took ownership of the Ephrata Cloister. For about a hundred years before that it was known generically as the Parsonage, presumably for the minister of the German Seventh Day Baptist congregation at Ephrata. At the time when the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania took control of the property, the house was serving as a parsonage. The house has certain features that suggest that it was built for more than one family during the communal period of the Ephrata community. Architectural evidence suggests a structure for more than a single family. Documentary evidence offers some possibilities for the purpose of such a large building during the communal period. Based on this combination of evidence, the authors propose that the Weaver’s House is not a single family dwelling, and may have housed a group of celibates during part of the eighteenth century

A Copa de Futebol Masculino FIFA no Catar nas lentes do jornal alemão BILD: a Alemanha entre a Leitkultur e o Soft Power

Este artigo analisa o megaevento esportivo da Copa do Mundo de Futebol Masculino no Catar nas lentes do jornal alemão Bild. Para interpretar essa cobertura, as políticas de Soft Power e Leitkultur alemãs são discutidas, bem como, a influência do mundo islâmico no atual desenho do mapa europeu. Por fim, os 82 artigos coletados são categorizados e analisados com base nas discussões previamente articuladas.

The Disability-Employability Divide: Bottlenecks to Equal Opprotunity

Equal opportunity might appear to comprise a relatively simple question: Do similarly situated persons have an equal chance to attain a particular goal, or do obstacles irrelevant to their qualifications or to the desired goal preclude achievement? But equal opportunity is complicated.1 There are descriptive and prescriptive dimensions to this question. Nuances exist when determining who is similarly situated, whether those individuals have the same opportunity, what goals we care about equalizing, and whether the ultimate aspiration is equality of opportunity or equality of outcome. Moreover, what means should we employ to remove obstacles, are these means likely to be successful, and do the cultural means justify the societal ends? And some readily apparent factors leading to inequalities of opportunity seem inexorable, including our individual genetic makeup, the environments in which we are raised, and our overall social circumstances. These considerations have prompted some scholars to argue that equality of opportunity is possible only if both law and government are committed to achieving it.2 To discuss equal opportunity in a coherent way often requires focusing on specific domains.3 One field in which equal opportunity has special resonance is employment. Societal support exists both for the descriptive idea that racial discrimination poses an obstacle to equal opportunity and for the prescriptive idea that such an obstacle ought to be overcome. Accordingly, a law like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 conveys something specific about what opportunities are important (work), what obstacles are inappropriate (discrimination), and what type of equality of opportunity is desired (race, color, sex, religion, and national origin). Such antidiscrimination laws generally enjoy strong support in the United States.4 Joseph Fishkin’s new book, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity, 5 reinvigorates the concept of equal opportunity by simultaneously engaging with its complications and attempting to simplify its ambitions. Fishkin describes bottlenecks as narrow spaces in the opportunity structure through which people must pass if they hope to reach a range of opportunities on the other side (p. 13). A significant component of the American opportunity structure that Bottlenecks leaves largely unexplored, however, relates to people with disabilities.6 This Review applies Fishkin’s theory to explore how disability law creates and perpetuates bottlenecks that keep people with disabilities from achieving a greater degree of human flourishing. In particular, disability policy’s opportunity structure features a conceptual disability– employability divide that ultimately prevents people with disabilities from reaching a wider array of opportunities. Fishkin’s book, in concert with this Review, introduces new and inventive ways of reimagining and implementing structural solutions to these bottlenecks. Part I provides an overview of Fishkin’s arguments, including his theory of opportunity pluralism, which he advances as a theoretical framework for broadening the opportunity structure. Part II then applies Fishkin’s theory to administrative disability policy to address and evaluate the disability– employability divide as a bottleneck. In particular, this Part explores how people with disabilities are frequently unable to pass through certain bottleneck policies to reach productive employment on the other side. Part III then proffers several policy solutions that could enable people with disabilities to move through or around the bottlenecks that keep them from accessing productive work opportunities

The Disability-Employability Divide: Bottlenecks to Equal Opprotunity

Equal opportunity might appear to comprise a relatively simple question: Do similarly situated persons have an equal chance to attain a particular goal, or do obstacles irrelevant to their qualifications or to the desired goal preclude achievement? But equal opportunity is complicated.1 There are descriptive and prescriptive dimensions to this question. Nuances exist when determining who is similarly situated, whether those individuals have the same opportunity, what goals we care about equalizing, and whether the ultimate aspiration is equality of opportunity or equality of outcome. Moreover, what means should we employ to remove obstacles, are these means likely to be successful, and do the cultural means justify the societal ends? And some readily apparent factors leading to inequalities of opportunity seem inexorable, including our individual genetic makeup, the environments in which we are raised, and our overall social circumstances. These considerations have prompted some scholars to argue that equality of opportunity is possible only if both law and government are committed to achieving it.2 To discuss equal opportunity in a coherent way often requires focusing on specific domains.3 One field in which equal opportunity has special resonance is employment. Societal support exists both for the descriptive idea that racial discrimination poses an obstacle to equal opportunity and for the prescriptive idea that such an obstacle ought to be overcome. Accordingly, a law like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 conveys something specific about what opportunities are important (work), what obstacles are inappropriate (discrimination), and what type of equality of opportunity is desired (race, color, sex, religion, and national origin). Such antidiscrimination laws generally enjoy strong support in the United States.4 Joseph Fishkin’s new book, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity, 5 reinvigorates the concept of equal opportunity by simultaneously engaging with its complications and attempting to simplify its ambitions. Fishkin describes bottlenecks as narrow spaces in the opportunity structure through which people must pass if they hope to reach a range of opportunities on the other side (p. 13). A significant component of the American opportunity structure that Bottlenecks leaves largely unexplored, however, relates to people with disabilities.6 This Review applies Fishkin’s theory to explore how disability law creates and perpetuates bottlenecks that keep people with disabilities from achieving a greater degree of human flourishing. In particular, disability policy’s opportunity structure features a conceptual disability– employability divide that ultimately prevents people with disabilities from reaching a wider array of opportunities. Fishkin’s book, in concert with this Review, introduces new and inventive ways of reimagining and implementing structural solutions to these bottlenecks. Part I provides an overview of Fishkin’s arguments, including his theory of opportunity pluralism, which he advances as a theoretical framework for broadening the opportunity structure. Part II then applies Fishkin’s theory to administrative disability policy to address and evaluate the disability– employability divide as a bottleneck. In particular, this Part explores how people with disabilities are frequently unable to pass through certain bottleneck policies to reach productive employment on the other side. Part III then proffers several policy solutions that could enable people with disabilities to move through or around the bottlenecks that keep them from accessing productive work opportunities

Tschechen, Polen, Deutsche 1990-1996: T. 2: Stereotype und Realitäten

'Wie schon Teil I dieser Darstellung (Nr. 22/1996), so geht auch der zweite Teil von der vielfach bestätigten Feststelung aus, daß die Beziehungen Deutschlands mit Polen und der Tschechischen Republik so gut wie nie zuvor sind. Weniger gut ist die 'Stimmung' unter Tschechen, Polen und Deutschen. Für letzteres gibt es historische und aktuelle Ursachen, die ihrerseits oftmals zum Rückgriff auf alte Stereotype und Vorurteile vom Nachbarn, welche durch eine konfliktreiche Beziehungsgeschichte noch an Schärfe gewonnen haben, provozieren. Gestützt auf Aussagen und Erkenntnisse der Stereotypenforschung will die vorliegende Darstellung die Bilder und Vorstellungen vom Nachbarn erhellen, die in den grundsätzlich guten deutsch-polnisch-tschechischen Beziehungen immer wieder für Belastungen und Mißtöne sorgen. Sie stützt sich auf allgemein zugängliche Quellen, vorwiegend solche polnischer und tschechischer Provenienz.' (Autorenreferat)'The second part of this report is based on the same, often substantiated premise put forward in Part I (Nr. 22/1996), namely that Germany's relations with the Czech Republic and Poland are better today than ever before. The general 'mood' among the Czech, Polish and German peoples is, hovever, less reassuring. This malaise can be explained by past experience and current concerns, both of which can easily provoke neighbours to adopt old stereotypes and prejudices that have only become more biting due to repeated conflicts over the years. Stereotypes are collective attributions of characteristics which have no basis in experience or reality. They can provide initial orientation in a foreign environment, but tend to degenerate into prejudices and foe images, or grossly negative categorizations. Drawing on the theories and findings of research conducted in the field of stereotyping, the present report aims to shed some light on the ways that neighbours tend to think about and view each other. In the case of the otherwise sound German-Polish-Czech relations, such stereotyping is an added burden and creates unpleasant situations. This report is based on generally accessible sources, primarily of Polish and Czech origin.' (author's abstract

Authority and rebellion : the GDR Kinderhorspiel (1981-90) : its role and place in German radio drama

This research attempted to analyze a small sample of East German children\u27s radio drama, with a view to opening the topic up to serious scholarly study. The sample, taken from plays broadcast during the period 1981 to 1990, was limited to works that deal principally with young people\u27s lives at home and at school, in a realistic setting. Tapes and manuscripts of the works under investigation were obtained from the Funkhaus in Berlin during a six-month period in 1991. All except one play are as yet unpublished. Works produced by the Department of Children\u27s Radio Drama at the Rundfunk der DDR were acknowledged on both sides of the Iron Curtain to be of the highest quality, and and it was the purpose of this dissertation to investigate the reasons for their great reputation. I also wished to view the oeuvre in the context of German radio drama from its earliest days. It was concluded that East German children\u27s radio drama is indeed worthy of scholarly study; that it deserves as much attention as those works written and broadcast primarily for adults; that it should be viewed as part of an unbroken continuum, begun in 1923; and that its demise is regrettable

Collaboration Communication and Community-Building: A New Model of Policing for 21st Century Buffalo

This report recommends that the Buffalo Police Department (BPD) dramatically expand its community policing practices, building on the successful efforts it has made thus far. It begins with an overview of community policing and the challenges that police face today. Then, based on local and national research, it explores five strategies for the BPD to consider implementing