Monitoring the Health Status of Trees in Maksimir Forest Park Using Remote Sensing Methods

Background and Purpose: In Zagreb, the forests have assumed the characteristics of forest parks, of which the most famous and the most visited is Maksimir Park. The health condition of many trees has deteriorated due to environmental changes and the forest’s age. The tree health status can be monitored by direct observation in the field using the terrestrial method, or by remote sensing methods. Recent advances in technology have made it possible to use high-resolution satellite imagery to monitor the damage. Materials and Methods: In order to estimate the health status of trees, the research area - Maksimir Forest Park - was visually interpreted by means of the WorldView 2 (WV2) satellite image, color composite (8, 5, 3). Such color composite was also used to delineate the strata. After delineation, a systematic sample of 25x25 m was laid over the stratum to help interpret the tree health status. Differences in tree damage were observed by comparing the WV2 images and other satellite images (Google Earth images from 2014 and 2016) recorded at different points in time. Field research was then conducted in order to inventory the current situation. Results: The main results of the research in Maksimir Forest Park include the calculation of damage indicators by tree species, as well as thematic maps with the spatial distribution of the mean damage (SO) and damage index (IO) for those tree species which are most represented in a particular stratum. Mean and significant damage of the most represented tree species and overall is also presented spatially in the form of thematic maps. A comparison of the results of WV2 satellite imagery and satellite images taken from Google Earth denoted a change in the tree health status, which confirms that satellite imagery can serve to inventory and track the condition in an area over a number of years. Field investigations and the assessment of tree health status confirmed the results obtained by satellite imagery interpretation. Conclusions: Since quality forest monitoring is based on systematic collection of forest data in any area or at any point in time, the obtained results not only represent the current health status, but also provide a basis for monitoring and predicting the future conditions

Methods for the development, improvement and use of DTM in forestry

Digitalni model reljefa (DMR) je skup točaka nekog dijela površine Zemlje čije su koordinate uređene i spremljene na medij koji omogućava računsku obradu. Izrada digitalnog modela reljefa uključuje; prikupljanjepodataka,upravljanje,interpretaciju,vizualizaciju i primjenu. Ovim radom prikazane su metode, načini izrade, poboljšanje i uporaba digitalnog modela reljefa općenito, te poboljšanje i uporaba DMR-a u šumarstvu. Na temelju izrađenog DMR-a prikazani su i izdvojeni slojevi, te je napravljena kategorizacija terena prema nadmorskim visinama, nagibima i izloženosti terena. Izrada digitalnog modela reljefa uključuje određen broj međusobno povezanih postupaka, kao što su prikupljanje podataka, upravljanje, interpretacija, vizualizacija i primjena

Title Monitoring the health status of trees in park forest Maksimir using remote sensing methods

Maksimir je najpoznatija i najposjećenija zagrebačka park šuma, te vrlo korišten rekreacijski prostor uklopljen u urbano područje, a ujedno je ekološko uporište koje osigurava općekorisne dobrobiti. Od perioda proglašenja park šumom, do danas doživio je mnogo promjena, no i dalje je to jedinstven skup prirodnih šumskih sastojina. Zbog promjena u okolišu i starosti, zdravstveno stanje stabala je narušeno. Da bi što bolje pratili to stanje potrebno je provesti inventarizaciju oštećenosti. To se do sada radilo uglavnom terestričkim opažanjima, a danas se sve više koriste metode daljinskih istraživanja. U radu će se na satelitskoj snimci WorldView 2 provesti interpretacija zdravstvenog stanja pojedinačnih stabala na sistematskom uzorku 25x25m. Na temelju rezultata interpretacije izračunati će se pokazatelji oštećenosti za pojedine vrste drveća i ukupno za cijelo snimljeno područje park šume Maksimir, te izraditi tematske karte prostornog rasporeda oštećenosti. Budući da se kvalitetno praćenje stanja šuma zasniva na sustavno prikupljanju podataka o šumama na nekom prostoru i u nekom vremenu, dobiveni rezultati predstavljaju trenutno zdravstveno stanje, te su podloga za praćenje i predviđanje budućega stanja. U urbanim sredinama posebno je značajno da se promjene zdravstvenog stanja stabala pravovremeno predvide, kako bi se bolesna stabla mogla ukloniti i zamijeniti novima.Maksimir is the most famous and most visited Zagreb forest park, and a well-used recreational space embedded in the urban area, and also an ecological base that provides general welfare. From the period of proclamation of the forest park, there have been many changes so far, but this is still a unique set of natural forest stands. Due to changes in the environment and age, the health status of the trees is impaired. In order to better monitor this situation, it is necessary to carry out the inventory of the damage. This has been largely terrestrial observations so far, and today remote sensing methods are increasingly being used. The work on the WorldView 2 satellite will be used to interpret the health status of individual trees on a systematic sample of 25x25m. Based on the results of the interpretation, the indicators Dokumentacijska kartica of damage for each tree species and total for the entire recorded area of the forest park Maksimir will be calculated and the thematic maps of the spatial distribution of damage will be created. Since quality forest monitoring is based on a systematic collection of forest data in some areas and at some point in time, the resulting results represent the current state of health and are the basis for monitoring and predicting the future status. In urban environments, it is particularly important that the health status changes of the trees are timely predicted so that the sick trees can be removed and replaced by new ones

Methods for the development, improvement and use of DTM in forestry

Digitalni model reljefa (DMR) je skup točaka nekog dijela površine Zemlje čije su koordinate uređene i spremljene na medij koji omogućava računsku obradu. Izrada digitalnog modela reljefa uključuje; prikupljanjepodataka,upravljanje,interpretaciju,vizualizaciju i primjenu. Ovim radom prikazane su metode, načini izrade, poboljšanje i uporaba digitalnog modela reljefa općenito, te poboljšanje i uporaba DMR-a u šumarstvu. Na temelju izrađenog DMR-a prikazani su i izdvojeni slojevi, te je napravljena kategorizacija terena prema nadmorskim visinama, nagibima i izloženosti terena. Izrada digitalnog modela reljefa uključuje određen broj međusobno povezanih postupaka, kao što su prikupljanje podataka, upravljanje, interpretacija, vizualizacija i primjena

Methods for the development, improvement and use of DTM in forestry

Digitalni model reljefa (DMR) je skup točaka nekog dijela površine Zemlje čije su koordinate uređene i spremljene na medij koji omogućava računsku obradu. Izrada digitalnog modela reljefa uključuje; prikupljanjepodataka,upravljanje,interpretaciju,vizualizaciju i primjenu. Ovim radom prikazane su metode, načini izrade, poboljšanje i uporaba digitalnog modela reljefa općenito, te poboljšanje i uporaba DMR-a u šumarstvu. Na temelju izrađenog DMR-a prikazani su i izdvojeni slojevi, te je napravljena kategorizacija terena prema nadmorskim visinama, nagibima i izloženosti terena. Izrada digitalnog modela reljefa uključuje određen broj međusobno povezanih postupaka, kao što su prikupljanje podataka, upravljanje, interpretacija, vizualizacija i primjena

Title Monitoring the health status of trees in park forest Maksimir using remote sensing methods

Maksimir je najpoznatija i najposjećenija zagrebačka park šuma, te vrlo korišten rekreacijski prostor uklopljen u urbano područje, a ujedno je ekološko uporište koje osigurava općekorisne dobrobiti. Od perioda proglašenja park šumom, do danas doživio je mnogo promjena, no i dalje je to jedinstven skup prirodnih šumskih sastojina. Zbog promjena u okolišu i starosti, zdravstveno stanje stabala je narušeno. Da bi što bolje pratili to stanje potrebno je provesti inventarizaciju oštećenosti. To se do sada radilo uglavnom terestričkim opažanjima, a danas se sve više koriste metode daljinskih istraživanja. U radu će se na satelitskoj snimci WorldView 2 provesti interpretacija zdravstvenog stanja pojedinačnih stabala na sistematskom uzorku 25x25m. Na temelju rezultata interpretacije izračunati će se pokazatelji oštećenosti za pojedine vrste drveća i ukupno za cijelo snimljeno područje park šume Maksimir, te izraditi tematske karte prostornog rasporeda oštećenosti. Budući da se kvalitetno praćenje stanja šuma zasniva na sustavno prikupljanju podataka o šumama na nekom prostoru i u nekom vremenu, dobiveni rezultati predstavljaju trenutno zdravstveno stanje, te su podloga za praćenje i predviđanje budućega stanja. U urbanim sredinama posebno je značajno da se promjene zdravstvenog stanja stabala pravovremeno predvide, kako bi se bolesna stabla mogla ukloniti i zamijeniti novima.Maksimir is the most famous and most visited Zagreb forest park, and a well-used recreational space embedded in the urban area, and also an ecological base that provides general welfare. From the period of proclamation of the forest park, there have been many changes so far, but this is still a unique set of natural forest stands. Due to changes in the environment and age, the health status of the trees is impaired. In order to better monitor this situation, it is necessary to carry out the inventory of the damage. This has been largely terrestrial observations so far, and today remote sensing methods are increasingly being used. The work on the WorldView 2 satellite will be used to interpret the health status of individual trees on a systematic sample of 25x25m. Based on the results of the interpretation, the indicators Dokumentacijska kartica of damage for each tree species and total for the entire recorded area of the forest park Maksimir will be calculated and the thematic maps of the spatial distribution of damage will be created. Since quality forest monitoring is based on a systematic collection of forest data in some areas and at some point in time, the resulting results represent the current state of health and are the basis for monitoring and predicting the future status. In urban environments, it is particularly important that the health status changes of the trees are timely predicted so that the sick trees can be removed and replaced by new ones

Title Monitoring the health status of trees in park forest Maksimir using remote sensing methods

Maksimir je najpoznatija i najposjećenija zagrebačka park šuma, te vrlo korišten rekreacijski prostor uklopljen u urbano područje, a ujedno je ekološko uporište koje osigurava općekorisne dobrobiti. Od perioda proglašenja park šumom, do danas doživio je mnogo promjena, no i dalje je to jedinstven skup prirodnih šumskih sastojina. Zbog promjena u okolišu i starosti, zdravstveno stanje stabala je narušeno. Da bi što bolje pratili to stanje potrebno je provesti inventarizaciju oštećenosti. To se do sada radilo uglavnom terestričkim opažanjima, a danas se sve više koriste metode daljinskih istraživanja. U radu će se na satelitskoj snimci WorldView 2 provesti interpretacija zdravstvenog stanja pojedinačnih stabala na sistematskom uzorku 25x25m. Na temelju rezultata interpretacije izračunati će se pokazatelji oštećenosti za pojedine vrste drveća i ukupno za cijelo snimljeno područje park šume Maksimir, te izraditi tematske karte prostornog rasporeda oštećenosti. Budući da se kvalitetno praćenje stanja šuma zasniva na sustavno prikupljanju podataka o šumama na nekom prostoru i u nekom vremenu, dobiveni rezultati predstavljaju trenutno zdravstveno stanje, te su podloga za praćenje i predviđanje budućega stanja. U urbanim sredinama posebno je značajno da se promjene zdravstvenog stanja stabala pravovremeno predvide, kako bi se bolesna stabla mogla ukloniti i zamijeniti novima.Maksimir is the most famous and most visited Zagreb forest park, and a well-used recreational space embedded in the urban area, and also an ecological base that provides general welfare. From the period of proclamation of the forest park, there have been many changes so far, but this is still a unique set of natural forest stands. Due to changes in the environment and age, the health status of the trees is impaired. In order to better monitor this situation, it is necessary to carry out the inventory of the damage. This has been largely terrestrial observations so far, and today remote sensing methods are increasingly being used. The work on the WorldView 2 satellite will be used to interpret the health status of individual trees on a systematic sample of 25x25m. Based on the results of the interpretation, the indicators Dokumentacijska kartica of damage for each tree species and total for the entire recorded area of the forest park Maksimir will be calculated and the thematic maps of the spatial distribution of damage will be created. Since quality forest monitoring is based on a systematic collection of forest data in some areas and at some point in time, the resulting results represent the current state of health and are the basis for monitoring and predicting the future status. In urban environments, it is particularly important that the health status changes of the trees are timely predicted so that the sick trees can be removed and replaced by new ones

Monitoring the Health Status of Trees in Maksimir Forest Park Using Remote Sensing Methods

Background and Purpose: In Zagreb, the forests have assumed the characteristics of forest parks, of which the most famous and the most visited is Maksimir Park. The health condition of many trees has deteriorated due to environmental changes and the forest’s age. The tree health status can be monitored by direct observation in the field using the terrestrial method, or by remote sensing methods. Recent advances in technology have made it possible to use high-resolution satellite imagery to monitor the damage. Materials and Methods: In order to estimate the health status of trees, the research area - Maksimir Forest Park - was visually interpreted by means of the WorldView 2 (WV2) satellite image, color composite (8, 5, 3). Such color composite was also used to delineate the strata. After delineation, a systematic sample of 25x25 m was laid over the stratum to help interpret the tree health status. Differences in tree damage were observed by comparing the WV2 images and other satellite images (Google Earth images from 2014 and 2016) recorded at different points in time. Field research was then conducted in order to inventory the current situation. Results: The main results of the research in Maksimir Forest Park include the calculation of damage indicators by tree species, as well as thematic maps with the spatial distribution of the mean damage (SO) and damage index (IO) for those tree species which are most represented in a particular stratum. Mean and significant damage of the most represented tree species and overall is also presented spatially in the form of thematic maps. A comparison of the results of WV2 satellite imagery and satellite images taken from Google Earth denoted a change in the tree health status, which confirms that satellite imagery can serve to inventory and track the condition in an area over a number of years. Field investigations and the assessment of tree health status confirmed the results obtained by satellite imagery interpretation. Conclusions: Since quality forest monitoring is based on systematic collection of forest data in any area or at any point in time, the obtained results not only represent the current health status, but also provide a basis for monitoring and predicting the future conditions