On Overinvoicing of Exports in Pakistan

Whereas the policy incentives were designed to promote exports from Pakistan, the incentive system instead led to illicit export practices, i.e., export overinvoicing due to the weaknesses of implementation. Such practices resulted in a significant financial loss to the country and undermined the effectiveness of the export-promoting policy. This paper has determined the presence of overinvoicing of exports in Pakistan and the geographic and product-wise patterns in export overinvoicing. The paper has applied the ‘partner-country data comparison’ technique. Empirical findings confirm the strong presence of export overinvoicing across trading partner countries and products. This conclusion is further supported by the evidence of a significant difference between the duty-drawback rate and the premium on foreign exchange in the kerb market. Convincing presence of export overinvoicing is the basis for a set of policy recommendations made in the paper.

The fishery and resource characteristics of pomfrets

Pomfrets contribute to about 2% in all India fish catch. They are abundant along the coasts of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Orissa. Pampus argenteus forms 65.9%, Formio niger 33.2% and Pampus chinensis 0.9% of the catch. They feed on planktonic organisms like salps, medusae and ctenophores. Both P. argenteus and F. niger have prolonged spawning with two peaks. The breeding ground of P. argenteus is the depth realm 55-90 m offCambay and Sand head; while the inshore areas of Bombay, Cambay and Sand head appear to be the nursery grounds. They are pelagic and are caught mainly in driftnet, trawl net and dolnet. The estimated MSYfor P. argenteus for Indian waters is 38,194 t while for F. niger is 20,446t. The fishery of P. argenteus has collapsed in Maharashtra due to growth and recruitment overfishing

Fishery, biology and resource characteristics of golden anchovy, Coilia dussumieri (Cuv & Val)

Coilia dussumieri (Cuv & Val) forms an important component of dol net fishery. Maharashtra and Gujarat contribute 10022 t and 14745 t respectively, while West Bengal and Orissa land 4000t and 586 t respectively. The species is a pelagic zooplanktonjeeder, feeding mainly on copepods, ostracods. sergestes and young ones offish. It spawns once in life during April-June. Size at first maturity has been estimated as 162 mm for females and 160 mm for males. The growtli parameters estimated are Loo = 230 mm and K = 1.35. The total mortality coefficient (Z) is 5.468 and MSY 16395 t, whereas the average yield is 8509 t indicating that the fishing is below optimum level and it can sustain increased effort up to 126%

Fishery resource characteristics and stock assessment of ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus)

Ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus) has become one of the most important exploited resources in the northwest coast of India. It was landed as bycatch of shrimp trawler earlier but on account of emerging export demand it is now increasingly targeted. The resource has been monitored for more than ten years. The landings of ribbonfishes varied between 16,000 t (1995) and 63,000 t (2000) with an average catch of 33,000 t. The trawl contributed about 93 % of the total landing. Peak catch rates were observed in September and November-December. T. lepturus is a carnivorous predator feeding on crustaceans, fishes and cephalopods. Spawning season is prolonged from October-May. Individual fish spawns once in a year and the minimum size at maturity is 75 cm. The fecundity varied between 4,900 and 81,000 with a relative fecundity of 65 ova/gm of body weight

महाराष्ट्र की गोल्डन ऐंचोवी मात्स्यकी

सी.ड्सुमिरी की मात्स्यकी, वार्षिक पकड, एच.नेहेरियस नोन पेनिआइड झींगों के साथ सी.ड्सुमिरी की पकड;खाध्य एवं अशन ;परिपक्वता अंड्जनन आदि पर विवर

Dol net fishery off Nawabunder (Gujarat)

The 'dol' net is' one of the most important gear used in strong tidal current along the coasts of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The Bombay duck, Harpodon nehereus (Ham) is the main constituent of the catch so much that the 'dol' net fishery has become synonymous with Bombay duck fishery. However, a detailed catch composition revealed that Bombay duck forms 68.6-77% of the total 'dol' net landings along the Saurashtra coas

Online Complaints Monitoring Systems (OCMS)

The Final Year Project that is developed is The Online Complaints Monitoring Systems (OCMS). The existing online complaints system is not reliable, slow and does not have a clear business and customer interaction. Thus the main objective of the proposed system is to solve the flaws and problems of the current online complaints system. And instead create a better online complaints system in terms of its capabilities. The methodology used is the waterfall methodology. In this methodology, analysts and users proceed in sequence from one phase to the next. As a result, the developed system is more reliable, faster in processing complaints and has a better business and customer relationship and interaction and the system functionalities. Thus, the system not only should benefit the customers, the businesses shall also benefit as they are given constructive feedback by the customers to improve products and services. All in all, the complaint process is made much easier, user friendly and more adaptive to today' s real world scenario

On Overinvoicing of Exports in Pakistan

Whereas the policy incentives were designed to promote exports from Pakistan, the incentive system instead led to illicit export practices, i.e., export overinvoicing due to the weaknesses of implementation. Such practices resulted in a significant financial loss to the country and undermined the effectiveness of the export-promoting policy. This paper has determined the presence of overinvoicing of exports in Pakistan and the geographic and product-wise patterns in export overinvoicing. The paper has applied the ‘partner-country data comparison’ technique. Empirical findings confirm the strong presence of export overinvoicing across trading partner countries and products. This conclusion is further supported by the evidence of a significant difference between the duty-drawback rate and the premium on foreign exchange in the kerb market. Convincing presence of export overinvoicing is the basis for a set of policy recommendations made in the paper

The impact of mobility models on the performance of mobile Ad Hoc network routing protocol

A mobility model represents nodes distribution and movement over the network. Several research works have shown that a selection of mobility model can affect the outcome of routing performance simulation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Thus, a routing protocol may only be effective in a particular mobility model or scenario but performs inferiorly in another. As a result, analyses of routing protocol performance are often based on inadequate information leading to inaccurate argument and conclusion. In this paper, three different mobility models have been selected, where each of them is highly distinctive in terms of nodes movement behavior. In addition, a new measurement technique called probability of route connectivity is introduced. The technique is used to quantify the success rate of route established by a routing protocol. Extensive simulation runs are done and results are compared between each mobility model