Vegetation Transformations of Kujawy-Pomerania Region in the Last Twenty Years Period

This paper contents dynamic tendencies analysis results of Kujawy-Pomerania region (N Poland) for a 20-year time period. Acreage changes as well as structure and species composition transformations of forest and shrub vegetation (associations) and non-forest vegetation (alliances) were evaluated. Main factors influencing on regressive and progressive changes were set out. Analysis was relied on results of geobotanical research and observations of selected objects. Regressive changes were noted for i.a. thermophilous oak forests, dry and fresh coniferous forests, aquatic, halophytic, pasture vegetation, vegetation of Molinion and Cnidion meadows, heaths and xerothermic grasslands. Whereas progressive were observed in case of mixed coniferous forests, mesophytic shrubs, rush and tall herbs vegetation, fresh meadows and some ruderal communities

O trzech rodzajach empatii : pełnej, częściowej i skażonej

In the paper a distinction is made between perfect empathy, truncated empathy, and contaminated empathy. Perfect empathy is defined as the combination of three elements: cognitive empathy (the capacity for a comprehensive and ethically proper understanding of other people’s emotions), affective empathy (the tendency to emotionally respond to other people’s emotions in an adequate way: sorrow to sorrow, and joy to joy), and a tendency to undertake an ethically proper action (e.g., to relieve the sufferer’s pain) as a result of the emotional response to other people’s emotions. The phrase ‘ethically proper’ in the above definitions shows that perfect empathy is not a free-standing ethical capacity. An empathic emotional reaction and empathic action are justified only if they are based on the comprehensive and the ethically proper understanding of the other person’s emotion, i.e., the understanding which enables one to assess whether this emotion is justified by its causes. But such an understanding is impossible without a sense of justice, or more generally, without the knowledge of ethical rules which say in whatcircumstances an emotion of sorrow or joy is justifiable, and, additionally, what action is ethically proper in a given situation. Truncated empathy, which may take various forms, lacks one of the free elements of perfect empathy. Finally, contaminated empathy arises by admixing one of the four following amoral or non-moral elements to perfect or truncated empathy, namely: thankfulness at the contrast between our fortune and the sufferer’s misfortune; the feeling of anxiety, arising at the sight of the sufferer’s misfortune, about our own good future; the unpleasant feeling of distress, arising at the sight of the sufferer’s sorrow; or pity.Celem artykułu jest wyróżnienie trzech rodzajów empatii: pełnej, częściowej i „skażonej” oraz zbadanie relacji między nimi. Empatia pełna obejmuje trzy składowe: empatię kognitywną (zdolność wszechstronnego i etycznie właściwego rozumienia cudzych emocji), afektywną (skłonność do adekwatnego reagowania na cudze emocje, tj. smutkiem na smutek i radością na radość) oraz skłonność do  podejmowania etycznie właściwych – empatycznych – działań (np. zmierzających do uśmierzenia bólu osoby cierpiącej). Wyrażenie „etycznie właściwe” pojawiające się w powyższych definicjach pokazuje,że empatia pełna nie jest samoistną zdolnością etyczną. Empatia afektywna i empatyczne działanie są uzasadnione etycznie tylko wtedy, kiedy są oparte na empatii kognitywnej, w której definicję wpisana jest znajomość reguł etycznych, pozwalających stwierdzić (m.in.), kiedy smutek i radość drugiej osoby zasługują na reakcję empatyczną. Empatiaczęściowa występuje wtedy, kiedy brakuje jednego z trzech powyższych elementów składowych (może więc przybrać wiele różnych postaci). Wreszcie, z empatią skażoną mamy do czynienia wtedy, kiedy do empatii pełnej lub częściowej dochodzi jeden z następujących amoralnych lub pozamoralnych elementów: niepokój o własny dobrostan, dyskomfortpojawiający się wskutek obserwacji cierpienia drugiej osoby, poczucie ulgi czy zadowolenia z powodu kontrastu między sytuacją osoby cierpiącej i sytuacją własną

The Climate and Bioclimate on Załęcze Nature Park Area

Climatic and bioclimatic conditions of Załęcze Nature Park Area are discussed. The author tryes to distinguish the zones according to the local climates using the quality bioclimatic criteria. All meteorological and climatic data are given in the tables I-XV (for summary see page 201).Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

On the relations between Vita Contemplativa and Vita Activa

The goal of this paper is to formulate several observations on the psychological relations between vita contemplativa and vita activa (hereafter, respectively, VC and VA) which manifest in the context of the two following problems: (1) what basic psychological mechanisms may propel an agent to forsake one type of life for the sake of another; and (2) what effect an agent’s deep involvement in VC may have for his attitude towards VA as well as for his manner of pursuing VA (if he decides to abandon VC and pursue this way of life). In the paper, the distinction is made between VC in the strong sense (metaphysically/religiously oriented) and VC in the weak sense, and it is argued, among others, that the two features of VC in the strong sense—selflessness and otherworldliness—make VC a desirable complement of VA (in its public form): the involvement in the public sphere motivated by VA is likely to be not only more effective, but also more durable thaThe goal of this paper is to formulate several observations on the psychological relations between vita contemplativa and vita activa (hereafter, respectively, VC and VA) which manifest in the context of the two following problems: (1) what basic psychological mechanisms may propel an agent to forsake one type of life for the sake of another; and (2) what effect an agent’s deep involvement in VC may have for his attitude towards VA as well as for his manner of pursuing VA (if he decides to abandon VC and pursue this way of life). In the paper, the distinction is made between VC in the strong sense (metaphysically/religiously oriented) and VC in the weak sense, and it is argued, among others, that the two features of VC in the strong sense—selflessness and otherworldliness—make VC a desirable complement of VA (in its public form): the involvement in the public sphere motivated by VA is likely to be not only more effective, but also more durable than the involvement propelled by disappointment with the private VA. Therefore, human beings should not be thought of as (broadly) divided into two rarely interpermeating categories namely those who are ‘psychologically destined’ for VC and those who are ‘psychologically destined’ for VA. Rather, the opposite seems to be true, namely that there exist strong motivational links in the direction from VC to VA.n the involvement propelled by disappointment with the private VA. Therefore, human beings should not be thought of as (broadly) divided into two rarely interpermeating categories namely those who are ‘psychologically destined’ for VC and those who are ‘psychologically destined’ for VA. Rather, the opposite seems to be true, namely that there exist strong motivational links in the direction from VC to VA