Multibeam systems for the detection of gas flares in the water column

Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik is one major global player in the multibeam business. The multibeam systems are marketed under the well-known brand name SeaBeam, including systems for medium water depth and deep-water areas. The ELAC SeaBeam 3012/3020 deep-water systems operate in the 12 kHz and 20 kHz frequency bands, whereas the ELAC SeaBeam 3030/3050 medium-depth systems operate in the 30 kHz and 50 kHz frequency bands. While formerly only continuous wave (CW) pulses were applied, the new Mk II series of the ELAC SeaBeam 3030/3050 multibeam systems offer the possibility to apply frequencymodulated (FM) pulses for increased measurement ranges, improved range resolution and better data quality. FM pulses require a correlation of the beamformed data of all beam directions with pulse replica in order to obtain pulse compression. Additionally, Doppler shifts of the operating frequencies induced by the ship’s movement have to be compensated. In order to obtain unrivalled data quality, the ELAC SeaBeam 3030 / 3050 multibeam ystems apply Doppler compensation not only on the bathymetric depth data, but also on the water column imaging (WCI) data. In order to provide high data density, all ELAC SeaBeam MBES can transmit two quasisimultaneous swaths per ping cycle, which are frequency-separated. Compared to the singleping mode, the data density is doubled. The ELAC SeaBeam 3030/3050 multibeam systems include a functionality for to automatic cyclical steering of the transmitted swaths in the along-ship direction. Via this functionality, which is called “Advanced Transmission Beam Steering”, an entire volume below the vessel can be insonified without requiring any movement of the vessel. The operator can specify an angle range and an angle increment, resulting in a periodic oscillation of the transmitted swaths from bow to aft and vice versa. This functionality is very helpful for the detection and analysis of gas flares, leakages or other objects in the water column during stationary vessel operation or on fixed platforms. Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik GmbH Page 2 of 3 31. May 2016 On order to provide highest operational flexibility, the ELAC SeaBeam 3050 and ELAC SeaBeam 3030 are available as mobile systems, providing the sonar electronics in flight cases and utilizing mobile transducer brackets for spatial resolutions of 1.5° x 2° for ELAC SeaBeam 3050 and 3° x 2° for ELAC SeaBeam 3030. Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik is the only supplier, offering a mobile 30 kHz multibeam of the sea water profile and sea water surface will be designed, studied, developed and applied to a real situation. A thermometer, based on distributed temperature sensor, will be designed, paying special attention to the involved materials, in order to avoid the damages of such corrosive environment. Nowadays, this techique is used in many infraestructures as bridge or airports by never has been used in sea, where the sea currents and biofouling are problems that will are wtudied at the project. However the optical fibers must been calibrated to know the uncertainty in temperature measure, and it is the purpose of the paper. system with a depth performance of more than 6,000 meters. Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik is a main industrial partner within the German „Lighthouse“ Research Project SUGAR (Submarine Gas Hydrate Reservoirs) and cooperates with the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik participates in a SUGAR subproject, which is related to gas flare detection. Gas flares at the seabed are indicators for potential gas hydrate reservoirs and potential leakages of gas deposits. Therefore, gas flare detection is important for the exploration of submarine gas hydrates and for environmental monitoring. Driven by the SUGAR project, the ELAC SeaBeam multibeam systems store WCI data with very high resolution. For the online and offline visualization of high-resolution WCI data, the ELAC WCI Viewer is utilized, providing different window types for data visualization, different scaling and range options, forward and backward data playback as movies or single pictures, object and event functionalities and the display of external sensor data. These capabilities help to identify and analyze any kinds of objects in the water column or on the bottom (e.g. gas seeps). Despite helpful aids for the online visualization of high-resolution WCI data, there is a need for an automatic processing of WCI data with respect to object detection. Such automatic processing will reduce the workload of survey operators significantly. Therefore, Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik has developed an automatic object detector (ELAC AOD) which is dedicated to gas flares in the water column. Due to the huge data volumes of high-resolution WCI data, the development of the ELAC AOD was ambitious and challenging. The ELAC AOD was implemented within the MATLAB development environment. The ELAC AOD is dedicated to WCI data from ELAC SeaBeam 3030 and 3050 medium-depth multibeam systems and stores all relevant information of detected objects in so-called object log files. It is possible to import such object log files into the ELAC WCI Viewer for visualization purposes. Due to the above-mentioned characteristics, multibeam systems from Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik are excellently applicable in order to detect and analyze gas flares in the water column. The presentation will provide detailed system information and important data examples.Peer Reviewe

Phase-space geometry of the generalized Langevin equation

The generalized Langevin equation is widely used to model the influence of a heat bath upon a reactive system. This equation will here be studied from a geometric point of view. A dynamical phase space that represents all possible states of the system will be constructed, the generalized Langevin equation will be formally rewritten as a pair of coupled ordinary differential equations, and the fundamental geometric structures in phase space will be described. It will be shown that the phase space itself and its geometric structure depend critically on the preparation of the system: A system that is assumed to have been in existence for ever has a larger phase space with a simpler structure than a system that is prepared at a finite time. These differences persist even in the long-time limit, where one might expect the details of preparation to become irrelevant

Counting rule for Nambu-Goldstone modes in nonrelativistic systems

The counting rule for Nambu-Goldstone modes is discussed using Mori's projection operator method in nonrelativistic systems at zero and finite temperatures. We show that the number of Nambu-Goldstone modes is equal to the number of broken charges, Q_a, minus half the rank of the expectation value of [Q_a,Q_b].Comment: 5 pages, no figures; typos corrected; some discussion added and clarifie

Anisotropy and Order of Epitaxial Self-Assembled Quantum Dots

Epitaxial self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) represent an important step in the advancement of semiconductor fabrication at the nanoscale that will allow breakthroughs in electronics and optoelectronics. In these applications, order is a key factor. Here, the role of crystal anisotropy in promoting order during early stages of SAQD formation is studied through a linear analysis of a commonly used surface evolution model. Elastic anisotropy is used a specific example. It is found that there are two relevant and predictable correlation lengths. One of them is related to crystal anisotropy and is crucial for determining SAQD order. Furthermore, if a wetting potential is included in the model, it is found that SAQD order is enhanced when the deposited film is allowed to evolve at heights near the critical surface height for three-dimensional film growth.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figur

A non-equilibrium dynamic mechanism for the allosteric effect

Allosteric regulation is often viewed as thermodynamic in nature. However protein internal motions during an enzymatic reaction cycle can be slow hopping processes over numerous potential barriers. We propose that regulating molecules may function by modifying the nonequilibrium protein dynamics. The theory predicts that an enzyme under the new mechanism has different temperature dependence, waiting time distribution of the turnover cycle, and dynamic fluctuation patterns with and without effector. Experimental tests of the theory are proposed.Comment: accepted by Phys. Rev. Lett. Major revisions were made to fit the style. 4 pages, 2 figure

Memory Effects In Nonequilibrium Quantum Impurity Models

Memory effects play a key role in the dynamics of strongly correlated systems driven out of equilibrium. In the present study, we explore the nature of memory in the nonequilibrium Anderson impurity model. The Nakajima--Zwanzig--Mori formalism is used to derive an exact generalized quantum master equation for the reduced density matrix of the interacting quantum dot, which includes a non-Markovian memory kernel. A real-time path integral formulation is developed, in which all diagrams are stochastically sampled in order to numerically evaluate the memory kernel. We explore the effects of temperature down to the Kondo regime, as well as the role of source--drain bias voltage and band width on the memory. Typically, the memory decays on timescales significantly shorter than the dynamics of the reduced density matrix itself, yet under certain conditions it develops a smaller long tail. In addition we address the conditions required for the existence, uniqueness and stability of a steady-state.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Geometric and projection effects in Kramers-Moyal analysis

Kramers-Moyal coefficients provide a simple and easily visualized method with which to analyze stochastic time series, particularly nonlinear ones. One mechanism that can affect the estimation of the coefficients is geometric projection effects. For some biologically-inspired examples, these effects are predicted and explored with a non-stochastic projection operator method, and compared with direct numerical simulation of the systems' Langevin equations. General features and characteristics are identified, and the utility of the Kramers-Moyal method discussed. Projections of a system are in general non-Markovian, but here the Kramers-Moyal method remains useful, and in any case the primary examples considered are found to be close to Markovian.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Enhanced diffusion and ordering of self-propelled rods

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Improved Calculation of Vibrational Mode Lifetimes in Anharmonic Solids - Part I: Theory

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