“Correspondence in Meaning, Similarity in Function”: on the Significance of the Criteria of Translation Rooted in Sociosemiotics

‘Meaning’ and ‘function’ is the essences of language and text. The dialectical relationship between meaning and function is demonstrated in the whole process of translation so that correct understanding of the meaning and function of a text is the key to translation. Rooted in Sociosemiotics, the criteria of translation ‘correspondence in meaning, similarity in function’ by professor Chen Hongwei is scientific and practical: on the one hand, it critically inherits the traditional criterion of translation ‘faithfulness’ and ‘equivalence’ to avoid the one-sidedness and extremism of the criterion of recent western translation studies, such as those of the Skopos theory, the Receptive-aesthetics, which grant translating too much freedom to avoid distortion. On the other, it integrates the western translation studies and made a great breakthrough of the traditional criterion ‘faithfulness’ and ‘equivalence’ to justify the necessary ‘adaptation’ in translating the non-literary works, that is, texts for special purposes. Key words: Correspondence in meaning, similarity in function, multi-criterion, translation practice Résumé: la signification et la fonction sont les essences de la langue et du texte. Le rapport dialectal entre la signification et la fonction est traduit dans le processus entier de la traduction de sorte que la compréhension correcte dans la sociosemiotique, les .de la traduction. Enracinés .de la signification et de la fonction d'un texte soit la clef critéres de la traduction correspondance dans la signification, similitude dans la fonction par professeur Chen Hongwei sont scientifiques et pratiques: d'une part, ils héritent en critique du critére traditionnel 'la fidélitédes' et 'l'équivalence de traduction' pour éviter le caractère unilatéral et l'extremism du critére de la traduction occidentale récente , comme ceux de la théorie de Skopos, l'Réceptif-esthétique, qui traduisent trop de liberté pour respecter les informations. De l'autre, elle intégre les études occidentales de traduction et a fait une grande perce de 'fidélité' et 'équivalence' de critére traditionnel pour justifier 'l'adaptation nécessaire' en traduisant les ouvrages non-littéraires, c’est.-à-dire., textes pour des buts spéiaux. Mots clés: Correspondance dans la signification, similitude dans la fonction, multicritère, pratique en matière de traduction 摘要： 意義與功能是語言和文本的本質，二者的辨證關係體現在翻譯的全過程，對文本的意義和功能關係的探索是指導翻譯實踐的關鍵。“意義相符，功能相似”的漢譯英翻譯標準直根于社會符號學理論，是在對傳統翻譯標準“信”“忠實”“對等”批判的繼承、對國外翻譯理論的借鑒和吸收之後提出的翻譯標準，具有科學性、可操作性和翻譯標準的多元互補性。一方面避免了傳統翻譯標準“忠實”“對等”的局限性; 另一方面也避免了西方當今翻譯標準的片面性和極端性（如德國功能派的目的論、接受美學、操縱學派的翻譯標準過於單一，使翻譯行為擁有太大的自由，勢必歪曲和遺漏原文的資訊）。 關鍵詞： 社會符號學；“意義相符，功能相似”；翻譯標準多元互補；指導意

Di-μ-chlorido-bis­[(2′-carb­oxybiphen­yl-2-carboxyl­ato-κO)(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine-κ3 N,N′,N′′)cadmium(II)] hemihydrate

In the centrosymmetric dinuclear title compound, [Cd2(C14H9O4)2Cl2(C15H11N3)2]·0.5H2O, each of the CdII ions is coordinated by three N atoms from a chelating 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine ligand, two bridging Cl atoms and one O atom of a 2′-carb­oxy-[1,1′-biphen­yl]-2-carboxyl­ate anion. The coordination environment is distorted octa­hedral. In the crystal, inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link symmetry-related mol­ecules, forming an infinite chain. The half-occupancy water mol­ecule is disordered over two general sites with 0.25 occupancy and is, in turn, disordered over an inversion center

An Extended Single-Valued Neutrosophic Projection-Based Qualitative Flexible Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method

With respect to multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems in which the criteria denote the form of single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs), and the weight information is also fully unknown, a novel MCDM method based on qualitative flexible multiple criteria (QUALIFLEX) is developed. Firstly, the improved cosine measure of the included angle between two SVNSs is defined

The evolution of YidC/Oxa/Alb3 family in the three domains of life: a phylogenomic analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>YidC/Oxa/Alb3 family includes a group of conserved translocases that are essential for protein insertion into inner membranes of bacteria and mitochondria, and thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Because mitochondria and chloroplasts are of bacterial origin, Oxa and Alb3, like many other mitochondrial/chloroplastic proteins, are hypothetically derived from the pre-existing protein (YidC) of bacterial endosymbionts. Here, we test this hypothesis and investigate the evolutionary history of the whole YidC/Oxa/Alb3 family in the three domains of life.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our comprehensive analyses of the phylogenetic distribution and phylogeny of the YidC/Oxa/Alb3 family lead to the following findings: 1) In archaea, YidC homologs are only sporadically distributed in Euryarchaeota; 2) Most bacteria contain only one YidC gene copy; some species in a few taxa (<it>Bacillus</it>, Lactobacillales, Actinobacteria and Clostridia) have two gene copies; 3) Eukaryotic Oxa and Alb3 have two separate prokaryotic origins, but they might not arise directly from the YidC of proteobacteria and cyanobacteria through the endosymbiosis origins of mitochondrium and chloroplast, respectively; 4) An ancient duplication occurred on both Oxa and Alb3 immediately after their origins, and thus most eukaryotes generally bear two Oxa and two Alb3. However, secondary loss, duplication or acquisition of new domain also occurred on the two genes in some lineages, especially in protists, resulting in a rich diversity or adaptive differentiation of the two translocases in these lineages.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>YidC is distributed in bacteria and some Euryarchaeota. Although mitochondrial Oxa and chloroplastic Alb3 are derived from the prokaryotic YidC, their origin might be not related to the endosymbiosis events of the two organelles. In some eukaryotic lineages, especially in protists, Oxa and Alb3 have diverse evolutionary histories. Finally, a model for the evolutionary history of the entire YidC/Oxa/Alb3 family in the three domains of life is proposed.</p