SNP-based discrimination of pink salmon stocks of the Sea of Okhotsk basin: resolution of the approach and possible ways to increase it

In this work, we studied the intraspecific polymorphism of pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792), the least genetically explored species among Pacific salmon and one of the central fisheries objects in the Russian Far East. The most urgent task facing Russian fishery science is to determine the proportion of fish from the main reproduction areas in mixed stocks and, based on these data, predict the number of pink salmon returning to these regions for spawning. Due to the unique feature of the species, which evolved into two allochronous lineages, these lineages have been explored independently in parallel. We designed and used here two sets of outlier SNP markers, and this allowed us to reliably distinguish the most northern (Western Kamchatka and the Magadan coast) and the most southern (Iturup Island) regional stocks as well as intermediate stocks from Sakhalin Island and the Mainland coast in both even and odd lineages of pink salmon. In addition, in odd-year lineage, we discovered pronounced genetic differences between early-run and late-run spawners in Sakhalin Island and the proximity of this early spawning form to the mainland stocks. The created baseline covers the main areas of pink salmon reproduction in the Sea of Okhotsk basin and underlies the regional identification of pink salmon in mixed marine stocks

Advanced Approaches to Studying the Population Diversity of Marine Fishes: New Opportunities for Fisheries Control and Management

Recent conceptual and technological advances now enable fisheries geneticists to detect and monitor the dynamics and distribution of marine fish populations more effectively than ever before. Information on the extent of geneticallybased divergence among populations, socalled “population diversity”, is crucial in the quest to manage exploited living resources sustainably since it endows evolutionary potential in the face of environmental change. The generally limited dialogue between scientists, fisheries managers and policy makers, however, continues to constrain integration of population genetic data into tangible policy applications. Largely drawing on the approach and outputs from a European research project, FishPopTrace, we provide an example how the uncovering of marine fish population diversity enables players from genetics, forensics, management and the policy realm to generate a framework tackling key policy-related questions relating to illegal fishing and traceability.JRC.G.4-Maritime affair

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of bis(caffeinium) hexachloridoplatinum(IV) in comparison with some related compounds

The molecular and crystal structure of the title compound, (C8H11N4O2)2[PtCl6], synthesized from hexachloroplatinic acid and caffeine in methanol, was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The caffeinium cations form a double layer via hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions. The Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the largest contribution to the crystal packing is made by H...H (31.2%), H...Cl/Cl...H (22.6%), O...H/H...O (21.9%) contacts for the cation and H...Cl/Cl...H (79.3%) contacts for the anion

Sustained pharmacological inhibition of δPKC protects against hypertensive encephalopathy through prevention of blood-brain barrier breakdown in rats

Hypertensive encephalopathy is a potentially fatal condition associated with cerebral edema and the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The molecular pathways leading to this condition, however, are unknown. We determined the role of δPKC, which is thought to regulate microvascular permeability, in the development of hypertensive encephalopathy using δV1-1 — a selective peptide inhibitor of δPKC. As a model of hypertensive encephalopathy, Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed an 8% high-salt diet from 6 weeks of age and then were infused s.c. with saline, control TAT peptide, or δV1-1 using osmotic minipumps. The mortality rate and the behavioral symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy decreased significantly in the δV1-1–treated group relative to the control-treated group, and BBB permeability was reduced by more than 60%. Treatment with δV1-1 was also associated with decreased δPKC accumulation in capillary endothelial cells and in the endfeet of capillary astrocytes, which suggests decreased microvasculature disruption. Treatment with δV1-1 prevented hypertension-induced tight junction disruption associated with BBB breakdown, which suggests that δPKC may specifically act to dysregulate tight junction components. Together, these results suggest that δPKC plays a role in the development of hypertension-induced encephalopathy and may be a therapeutic target for the prevention of BBB disruption

Term of Reference b): Review and consider methods for integrating genomic methods with marine fisheries management

While management of commercially exploited marine living resources aims at maxim-izing yield, profit and employment opportunities, these goals have to be reconciled with long-term sustainability as well as the maintenance of coastal and marine ecosys-tem health. Such thinking underpins many fisheries management and policy frame-works worldwide. The recently reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP; REGULATION (EU) No 1380/2013) stipulates that until 2015 the exploitation of marine living resources should be adapted such that populations of harvested stocks are main-tained above levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The legis-lation also puts much emphasis on the need to introduce the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) and introduces a discard ban, the so called “landing obligation”. Identical and similar provisions are embedded in fisheries legislation of other countries. As discussed previously (Martinsohn et al., 2011; ICES, 2013a; Ovenden et al., 2013a) fisheries genetics has clearly come of age. State-of-the-art genetic and genomic approaches are suited to address a plethora of fishery management relevant questions from basic species identification (e.g. for Ichthyoplankton analysis carried out for stock assessment) and stock (population) structure analysis, to more complex themes such as mixed-stock analysis (e.g. Bekkevold et al., 2011) and ecosystem monitoring (ICES, 2013a). The current ToR provides a general synthesis of data that can be delivered by genetics and genomics in the context of current fisheries management schemes. Ev-idence is presented from salient examples incorporating such approaches that genetic data can be integrated readily with other relevant data in diverse fisheries management scenarios. Consequently, genetics and evolutionary thinking can add valuable infor-mation to the successful implementation of strategies to promote profitable and sus-tainable fisheries within an ecosystem context.JRC.G.3-Maritime affair

The karyotypes and chromosome idiograms of species from sect. <i>Syllinum</i>.

<p>Inverted DAPI/C-banding pattern (grey). Chromosomes are numbered according to their sizes. Localization of 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA revealed by FISH (coloured).</p

The UPGMA dendrogram of genomic relationships between species within sect. <i>Syllinum</i> and RAPD spectra obtained with POA10 and POY02 primers.

<p>“ind”—DNA obtained from individual plant; “sum”—bulk DNA obtained from ten individual plants.</p

Chromosome spreads of different species of sect. <i>Syllinum</i>.

<p>C-banding pattern of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (A). Metaphase plates of <i>L</i>. <i>campanulatum</i> after FISH with rDNA probes having two (B) and five (C) B-chromosomes. A metaphase plate of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> after FISH with rDNA probes (D). Arrows point to satellite chromosomes with co-localized 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA loci; arrowheads point to chromosomes with 5S rDNA loci (red). Different morphological types of B-chromosomes (E). CMA staining of prometaphase chromosomes of <i>L</i>. <i>capitatum</i> (F). Arrows point to satellite chromosomes with two bright CMA bands revealed in the heterochromatic regions adjacent to NOR. DAPI (blue) and CMA (green) staining patterns of <i>B</i>-chromosomes at different stages of methaphase (G). CMA stained interphase nuclei of <i>L</i>. <i>capitatum</i> with (H) and without (I) B-chromosomes. Arrows point to small chromocenters formed by NORs. <b>B</b>—B-chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p

The structural similarities between different chromosome pairs.

<p>Putative homeologous chromosome pairs in karyotypes of 28-chromosomal species (A). Chromosome pairs of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> and 28-chromosomal species (B) similar in DAPI/C-banding pattern and localization of 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA.</p

AgNOR staining and localization of telomeric repeats.

<p>AgNOR staining.of metaphase chromosomes of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (A) and <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> (C). Superposition of AgNOR (dark) and DAPI staining (blue) of the same metaphase plates (B, D). Localization of telomeric repeats (green) on metaphase plates of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (E) and <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> (G) revealed by FISH. Inverted DAPI staining (grey) of the same metaphase plates (F, H). Arrows point to intercalary loci of telomere repeats on chromosomes 3 of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i>. <b>B</b>—B-chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p