Aspectos informativos da “guerra híbrida” no conflito sírio e sua influência nas posições dos participantes do confronto

The purpose of this study is to identify the special aspects of the information-psychological conflict between the parties to the conflict as a "hybrid war" element. The article deals with the content and scope of the information-psychological confrontation, carried out by both the main and indirect participants of the Syrian conflict. The degree of influence of the Syrian conflict on the positions, actions and methods of achieving the goals of the parties to the conflict is analyzed in this work. The methods of information influence, the possibility of their application and effectiveness in the conditions of changes in the positions of the parties to the conflict are shown in the research.Special attention is paid to the role of regional states (Saudi, Arabia, Qatar) and Western countries (primarily the United States of America) in the information campaign in Syria, the media they use as part of a "hybrid war" to defend their interests and the interests of the oppositional groups they support. The article considers the features of the influence of information war on the positions of participants and their changes after the Russian Federation intervention in the conflict, which has become the object of a powerful information confrontation.To analyze the problem a structural-functional approach as well as a comparative method and case study were used.  As a result of the conducted research the authors came to the conclusion that the influence of the "hybrid war" in the aspect of information-psychological confrontation on the positions of the parties to the conflict, their actions against each other, methods and ways of defending their own interests can not be questioned. Moreover the individual elements of the information war used by both the main and indirect participants in the Syrian confrontation or their combination significantly complicate the processes of political settlement of the conflict, because under their influence the positions of the parties that are able to stop the bloodshed become diametrically opposed or completely antagonistic.El propósito de este estudio es identificar los aspectos especiales del conflicto de información psicológica entre las partes del conflicto como un elemento de "guerra híbrida". El artículo trata sobre el contenido y el alcance de la confrontación psicológica de la información, llevada a cabo por los participantes principales e indirectos del conflicto sirio. En este trabajo se analiza el grado de influencia del conflicto sirio en las posiciones, acciones y métodos para lograr los objetivos de las partes en el conflicto. Los métodos de influencia de la información, la posibilidad de su aplicación y efectividad en las condiciones de los cambios en las posiciones de las partes en conflicto se muestran en la investigación.Se presta especial atención al papel de los estados regionales (Arabia Saudita, Qatar) y occidentales (principalmente los Estados Unidos de América) en la campaña de información en Siria, los medios que utilizan como parte de una "guerra híbrida" para defender sus intereses y los intereses de los grupos de oposición que ellos apoyan. El artículo considera las características de la influencia de la guerra de información en las posiciones de los participantes y sus cambios después de la intervención de la Federación de Rusia en el conflicto, que se ha convertido en el objeto de una poderosa confrontación de información. Para analizar el problema, se utilizó un enfoque estructural-funcional, así como un método comparativo y un estudio de caso. Como resultado de la investigación realizada, los autores llegaron a la conclusión de que la influencia de la "guerra híbrida" en el aspecto de la información-confrontación psicológica sobre las posiciones de las partes en el conflicto, sus acciones entre sí, los métodos y formas de defender sus propios intereses no puede ser cuestionado. Además, los elementos individuales de la guerra de información utilizados por los participantes principales e indirectos en la confrontación siria o su combinación complican significativamente los procesos de resolución política del conflicto, porque bajo su influencia las posiciones de las partes que son capaces de detener el derramamiento de sangre convertirse en diametralmente opuesto o completamente antagónico.O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os aspectos especiais do conflito informação-psicológico entre as partes no conflito como um elemento de "guerra híbrida". O artigo trata do conteúdo e do escopo do confronto psicológico-informacional, realizado pelos participantes principais e indiretos do conflito sírio. O grau de influência do conflito sírio sobre as posições, ações e métodos para alcançar os objetivos das partes em conflito é analisado neste trabalho. Os métodos de influência da informação, a possibilidade de sua aplicação e efetividade nas condições de mudanças nas posições das partes em conflito são mostrados na pesquisa. Especial atenção é dada ao papel dos estados regionais (Arábia Saudita, Catar) e países ocidentais (principalmente Estados Unidos da América) na campanha de informação na Síria, a mídia que eles usam como parte de uma "guerra híbrida" para defender seus interesses e os interesses dos grupos de oposição que eles apoiam. O artigo considera as características da influência da guerra de informação sobre as posições dos participantes e suas mudanças após a intervenção da Federação Russa no conflito, que se tornou objeto de um poderoso confronto de informações. Para analisar o problema, utilizou-se uma abordagem estrutural-funcional, um método comparativo e um estudo de caso. Como resultado da pesquisa realizada, os autores chegaram à conclusão de que a influência da "guerra híbrida" no aspecto de confrontação psicológico-informacional sobre as posições das partes em conflito, suas ações entre si, métodos e formas de conflito. defender seus próprios interesses não pode ser questionado. Além disso, os elementos individuais da guerra de informação usada pelos participantes principais e indiretos no confronto sírio ou sua combinação complicam significativamente os processos de solução política do conflito, porque sob sua influência as posições dos partidos que são capazes de parar o derramamento de sangue tornar-se diametralmente oposta ou completamente antagônica

Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials in Flames

Usage of combustion processes for production of target products is less common than the application of catalytic processes. However, there are known examples of production of carbon black, HCl, TiO2 etc. Some research work was done at the Institute of Combustion Problems (Almaty, Kazakhstan) consider the synthesis in flame of carbon nanomaterials: fullerenes, nanotubes and soot nanobeads with superhydrophobic surface. An alternative of fullerenes and nanotubes synthesis in arc discharge of graphite is the method using  stationary hydrocarbon flames. Flame is a self-sustaining system in which the hydrocarbons can be precursors of carbon nanomaterials, and the heat released during combustion, is a parameters of the process control. It is known that PAH are nucleation centers of forming soot i.e. PAH can be converted into either soot or fullerenes. The formation of CNTs occurs in diffusion flames from the fuel side and is initiated by transition metals particles. The paper presents data on the formation of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes as well as soot with the superhydrophobic surface, obtained on nickel and silicon supports in benzene-oxygen and propane-oxygen diffusion flames. New results regarding the synthesis of superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle 135-175° have great practical interest as anti-corrosion additives to various materials

Especificidade e tecnologias de resolução de conflitos de gênero de migrantes e comunidade anfitriã em organizações de alimentação pública da República do Tatarstão

Research objective is identification of features and techniques of the gender conflicts resolution concerning migrants from neighboring countries and the accepting community in the organizations of public catering of the Republic of Tatarstan. The specifics of perception of discrimination in the labor sphere and also forms of its manifestation are considered by female migrants and male migrants. The methods of permission of the gender conflicts arising between migrants and employers in the course of work are analyzed. Considerable attention is paid to techniques for resolution of conflicts among which the important place is allocated to mediation and negotiations. The efficiency of their application by migrants and employers in settlement of the conflicts is estimated. Two schemes of human resource management in the organization (active and passive) and their role in forming of the constructive relations in the organization are analyzed.In article the role of various actors in the decision of the gender conflicts in the organization (colleagues, administrators, and the director, equal on the status) is considered. The important role of external instances (the commissions on labor disputes, the specialized centers of the help to migrants, etc.) in improvement of relationship in collective and elimination of the bases for gender discrimination is emphasized. Holding special events is represented significant (trainings on unity and conflict prevention, joint carrying out leisure, etc.). Authors come as a conclusion that in the organizations of public catering activity of the intermediary is represented important, the mediator has professional skills without having a possibility of the appeal to any instances or seeing in it inexpediency, in the organization there is a risk of emergence of a large number of the conflicts influencing its efficiency.s.El objetivo de la investigación es identificar las características y técnicas para la resolución de conflictos de género en relación con los migrantes de los países vecinos y la comunidad que acepta en las organizaciones de servicios de comidas de la República de Tatarstán. Los aspectos específicos sobre la percepción de la discriminación en el ámbito laboral y también las formas de su manifestación son considerados por las mujeres migrantes y los hombres migrantes. Se analizan los métodos de autorización de los conflictos de género que surgen entre migrantes y empleadores en el curso del trabajo. Se presta una atención considerable a las técnicas para resolución de conflictos, entre las cuales se asigna un lugar importante a la mediación y las negociaciones. Se estima la eficiencia de su aplicación por parte de los migrantes y los empleadores en la solución de los conflictos. Se analizan dos esquemas de gestión de recursos humanos en la organización (activa y pasiva) y su papel en la formación de las relaciones constructivas en la organización.En el artículo se considera el papel de varios actores en la decisión de los conflictos de género en la organización (colegas, administradores y el director, igual en el estado). Se enfatiza el rol importante de las instancias externas (las comisiones sobre conflictos laborales, los centros especializados de ayuda a los migrantes, etc.) en la mejora de las relaciones en la colectividad y la eliminación de las bases para la discriminación de género. La celebración de eventos especiales es significativa (entrenamientos sobre unidad y prevención de conflictos, realización conjunta de actividades recreativas, etc.). Los autores llegan a la conclusión que en las organizaciones de la alimentación pública la actividad del intermediario, que tiene las capacidades profesionales se representa importante, ya que sin tener la posibilidad de apelar a cualquier instancia o ver en ello la falta de competencia, en la organización hay un riesgo de surgimiento de un gran número de conflictos que influyen en su eficiencia.O objetivo da pesquisa é a identificação de características e tecnologias da resolução de conflitos de gênero referentes a migrantes de países vizinhos e a comunidade de aceitação nas organizações de alimentação pública da República do Tartaristão. As especificidades da percepção da discriminação na esfera do trabalho e também formas de sua manifestação são consideradas pelas mulheres migrantes e migrantes masculinos. Os métodos de permissão dos conflitos de gênero que surgem entre migrantes e empregadores no decorrer do trabalho são analisados. Atenção considerável é dada às tecnologias de resolução de conflitos entre as quais o importante local é alocado à mediação e negociações. A eficiência de sua aplicação por migrantes e empregadores na resolução dos conflitos é estimada. Dois esquemas de gestão de recursos humanos na organização (ativo e passivo) e seu papel na formação das relações construtivas na organização são analisados.No artigo, considera-se o papel de vários atores na decisão dos conflitos de gênero na organização (colegas, administradores e diretor, iguais no status). Destaca-se o importante papel das instâncias externas (as comissões sobre disputas trabalhistas, os centros especializados de ajuda aos migrantes, etc.) na melhoria do relacionamento em coletivo e na eliminação das bases para a discriminação de gênero. A realização de eventos especiais é representada de forma significativa (treinamentos sobre unidade e prevenção de conflitos, realização conjunta de lazer, etc.). Os autores chegam a uma conclusão que nas organizações da atividade de restauração pública do intermediário se representa importante, o mediador que tem habilidades profissionais como sem ter uma possibilidade do apelo a qualquer instância ou vendo nele a falta de aptidão, na organização há um risco de surgimento de um grande número de conflitos que influenciam sua eficiência

Nanoparticle – Based Materials for Various Applications

The paper reviews recent scientific developments at the Institute of Combustion Problems. The hydrophobic sponges were obtained by coating polyurethane and melamine sponges with carbon nanomaterials. They are excellent water-resistant sorbents for oil, petroleum products and other organic liquids of various densities. Another interesting development is concerned to the synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on a glass-cloth by use of cobalt oxide catalyst nanoparticles obtained by solution combustion and production of the smart-textile on its basis. A model of soldier with heated jacket based on electroconductive smart-textile was made. The textile showed good electroconductive properties and effective Joule heating by externally applied current. Studies on the development of nanostructured carbon materials and their application as high-performance active components for the electrodes of advanced energy storage systems, in particular electric double layer capacitors were carried out. 2D heterostructures based on graphene and dichalcogenides of transition metals were derived. The epitaxial and single crystals of graphene were synthesized by the CVD-method separately on a copper foil. Two dimension WS2 layers were synthesized using sulfurization of thin WO3 films deposited by thermal evaporating on the FTO substrate. A setting time of concrete mass, which could be used as a construction material for 3D printing technology was determined. It was found that calcium chloride decreased the setting time up to 10 min, which is sufficient for the intended application

Complete Scheme for Fullerene, Graphene, and Soot Formation in Flame

Soot formation processes have been studied for more than 100 years, they include empirical and phenomenological description of conversion of various fuels to soot particles. This article provides an overview of current state of soot formation foundations, including the chemistry of soot nucleation, nucleation, mass growth as well as size of soot particles. Consideration of this issue shows that a great progress has been made, but there is still a lot of ambiguity in many areas of our knowledge. This concerns the role of aromatic molecules and radicals in nucleation and subsequent growth mass in laminar pre-mixed flames. Along with environmental problems, in recent time there are considered soot particles as an environment for nanomaterial synthesis, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphenes. In this regard, a complete scheme of nanomaterials formation in mode of soot formation has been developed

Overcarbonised Adsorptive – Catalytic Systems

With the use of the electron microscopy and X-ray analysis the regularities of carbon sediments formationat methane and propane pyrolysis on zeolites, Kazakhstan natural clays, chrome and bauxite sludges, which contain metal oxides of iron subgroup, have been studied. The kinetic parameters of carbon forma-tion at methane decomposition on the surface of zeolite – CoO mixture were investigated by method of thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology and structure of forming carbon fibrils, with the metal par-ticles fixed at their ends, have been investigated, and the formation of carbon fibrils branched pattern, socalled octopus, has been discovered. Greek walnut shells and grape seeds carbonization, their immobiliza-tion by the cells of selective absorption of heavy metal and sulfur dioxide ions have been also studied. Theexamples of metal-carbon composites using as adsorbents for wastewater purification, C3- C4 hydrocarboncracking catalysts and refractory materials with improved properties have been considered

Jogo ciberrealidade como um implemento de impacto de conflito sobre a segurança nacional da Federação Russa

The research objective is the identification of the negative image of the Russian state in computer games of the western developers. The characteristics and tendencies are given in the development of virtual game space from the first person (shooters) where the image of the enemy of the Russian origin is created. Virtual game communications are considered as a special form of social interaction on the Internet where technologies of political convictions and increase in level of hostility of rather specially chosen object are approved.The research has cross-disciplinary character. When studying virtual game network space authors used structurally functional and sociocultural approach.Computer games can serve as platform for the information wars, first of all, directed against the Russian youth.Destructive communicative strategy is used in the computer games devoted to World War II where the role and value of participation of the Soviet Union in a victory over fascist Germany is leveled. It is reached in fictional images of Russia in virtual reality which do not relies on objective reality of historical process and carries a negative connotation.Computer games are time the tool which can put motives of political and ideological hatred, xenophobia or hostility concerning any social group or the country.El objetivo de la investigación es la identificación de la imagen negativa del estado ruso en los juegos de computadora de los desarrolladores occidentales. Se dan las características y tendencias en el desarrollo del espacio de juego virtual de la primera persona (tiradores) donde se crea la imagen del enemigo del origen ruso. Las comunicaciones de juegos virtuales se consideran como una forma especial de interacción social en Internet donde se aprueban las tecnologías de convicciones políticas y el aumento en el nivel de hostilidad, especialmente, del objeto elegido. La investigación tiene carácter interdisciplinario. Al estudiar el espacio virtual de red de juegos, los autores utilizaron un enfoque estructuralmente funcional y sociocultural. Los juegos de computadora pueden servir como plataforma para las guerras de información, en primer lugar, dirigidas contra la juventud rusa. La estrategia destructiva de comunicación se usa en los juegos de computadora dedicados a la Segunda Guerra Mundial donde se nivela el papel y el valor de la participación de la Unión Soviética en una victoria sobre la Alemania fascista. Se alcanza en imágenes ficticias de Rusia en la realidad virtual que no se basa en la realidad objetiva del proceso histórico y conlleva una connotación negativa. Los juegos de computadora son la herramienta del tiempo que puede poner motivos de odio político e ideológico, xenofobia u hostilidad con respecto a cualquier grupo social o país. Objetivo de pesquisa é a identificação em jogos de computador dos desenvolvedores ocidentais de projetar a imagem negativa do estado russo. A característica é dada a características e tendências de desenvolvimento do espaço de jogo virtual da primeira pessoa (atiradores) onde a imagem do inimigo da origem russa é criada. As comunicações de jogos virtuais são consideradas como uma forma especial de interação social na Internet, onde tecnologias de convicções políticas e aumento no nível de hostilidade de objetos especialmente escolhidos são aprovadas.A pesquisa tem caráter interdisciplinar. Ao estudar o espaço da rede de jogos virtuais, os autores usaram uma abordagem estruturalmente funcional e sociocultural.Os jogos de computador podem servir de plataforma para as guerras informativas, antes de tudo dirigidas contra os jovens russos.A estratégia comunicativa destrutiva é usada nos jogos de computador dedicados à Segunda Guerra Mundial, onde o papel e o valor da participação da União Soviética na vitória sobre a Alemanha fascista são nivelados. Ele é alcançado em imagens fictícias da Rússia em realidade virtual que não se baseia na realidade objetiva do processo histórico e carrega uma conotação negativa.Os jogos de computador são o momento da ferramenta que pode colocar motivos de ódio político, ideológico, xenofobia ou hostilidade em relação a qualquer grupo social ou ao país

Growth of 3C-SiC Films on Si (111) and Sapphire (0001) Substrates by MOCVD

Thick silicon carbide films were grown on sapphire (0001) and silicon (111) substrates using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Diethylmethylsilane (DEMS) has been used as a single precursor, which contain Si and C atoms in the same molecule, without any carrier or bubbler gas. Atomic structure, surface composition and morphology have been investigated by XRD, AES, SEM and AFM analysis. SiC films of 5-7 micron thickness were grown at a rate of ~ 40 nm/min on sapphire (0001) and Si (111) substrates. The films grown at low temperature (850 ºC and 900 ºC) on both substrates show crystalline 3C-SiC in the (111) orientation. XRD results show that the orientation of the crystal structure does not depend of the substrate orientation AFM pictures of SiC films grown on sapphire (0001) exhibit more crystalline order as compared to films grown on the Si (111) substrates. AES of the grown films shows that in both cases the Si peak intensity is greater than that of carbon. This work shows promise for the development of alternative processes for developing low cost, large area substrates for application to IIInitrides LED and UV photodetector fabrication and also for gas detector application

Mechanochemical Activation and Reaction Capacity of SHS-Systems on the Base of Quartz

The influence of different characteristics of mechanochemical activation on changes of structure and energy characteristics of silicon dioxide (quartz) is considered in this work. It is shown that after treatment in mill in the presence of different modificators, the quartz samples are complex composite formation, composed of crystalline, amorphous and polymeric component, and also contain inclusions of iron and carbon. Polymerized surface layer provides the encapsulation of the energy state of activated particle. Particularities of the technological combustion systems with active and modified quartz are investigated. The using of modifying agents leads to increasing of maximum combustion temperature, increasing of combustion process time as well as the change of phase composition of synthesis products. It is shown that alteration the sizes of synthesized sample (products) we can change the heat dissipation conditions, kinetic of reaction development and temperature in combustion wave. "The process scale" of solid phase combustion at material synthesis appears in change of the phase composition of obtained materials

Carbon as an Effective Modifier of Silicon Dioxide and Reagent for Obtaining Nanostructurized SHS-Composites

The peculiarities of the structure and morphology of quartz particles modified by carbon depending on MCT conditions and type of specific carbonaceous modifier were studied. Powder materials with the composition structure of the materials, which are hybrid formations organics-inorganics with a high chemical activity of its components, were obtained by combined MCT of carbon or carbon containing organic compounds with quartz. A high chemical activity of quartz particles modified by carbon is effectively realized when producing SHS-ceramics composition materials. The rate of redox processes increases, the initial reagents are most completely realized and nanosized particles of silicon carbide are formed. It is shown how one can regulate the process of combustion in SH-synthesis and produce the material of the necessary quality by modifying silicon dioxide particles in the course of MCT