Višegodišnje leguminoze i trave - stabilan izvor kvalitetne kabaste stočne hrane

Perennial legumes, alfalfa, red clover, bird's foot trefoil, white clover, sainfoin and grasses, cock's foot, meadow fescue, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass, English ryegrass, French ryegrass, red fescue and Timothy grass can be grown successfully in pure crops and in legume-grass mixtures, on different soil types. Their importance in livestock development is based primarily on the great potential for yield of dry matter of over 20 t ha-1 if adequate agro-technical measures have been applied. Also, perennial legumes are characterized with high content of nutritive substances, especially protein and represent the most important protein source in livestock nutrition. Depending on the species and pheno stage of utilization, the content of crude proteins in grasses varies from 100 to 174,6 g kg-1 of DM, and in perennial legumes from 190,0 to 228,8 g kg-1 of DM. Livestock feed obtained from these plant species can be used in several ways, from grazing as most efficient and economical way, to preparation of hay and high quality silages and haylages. Stated forage species are very important in sustainable agriculture and organic production, considering that they carry out the process of biological fixation of nitrogen, but also from the ecological aspect. By using diverse selection/breeding material numerous domestic cultivars of perennial legumes and grasses have been created which are characterized with high potential for main agronomical traits.Višegodišnje leguminoze, lucerka, crvena detelina, žuti zvezdan, bela detelina, esparzeta i trave ježevica, livadski vijuk, visoki vijuk, italijanski ljulj, engleski ljulj, francuski ljulj, crveni vijuk i mačiji rep, mogu se uspešno gajiti u čistom usevu ili u leguminozno-travnim smešama, na različitim tipovima zemljišta. Njihov značaj u razvoju stočarstva, pre svega, se zasniva na visokom potencijalu za prinos suve materije, koji se uz primenu savremenih agrotehničkih mera kreće i preko 20 t ha-1. Pored toga, višegodišnje leguminoze se odlikuju visokim sadržajem hranljivih materija, posebno proteina i predstavljaju najvažniji izvor proteina u ishrani domaćih životinja. U zavisnosti od vrste i fenofaze iskorišćavanja sadržaj sirovih proteina kod trava se kreće od 100 do 174,6 g kg-1 SM, a kod višegodišnjih leguminoza od 190,0 do 228,8 g kg-1 SM. Stočna hrana dobijena od ovih biljnih vrsta može se koristiti na više načina, od ispaše kao najefikasnijeg i najekonomičnijeg načina, preko pripreme sena, do spravljanja kvalitetnih senaža i silaža. Navedene krmne vrste imaju veoma značajno mesto u održivoj poljoprivredi i organskoj proizvodnji, obzirom da obavljaju proces biološke fiksacije azota, veoma su značajne i sa ekološkog aspekta. Korišćenjem divergentnog selekcionog materijala stvoren je veliki broj domaćih sorti višegodišnjih leguminoza i trava koje se odlikuju visokim potencijalom za osnovna agronomska svojstva

DETERMINATION THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER BY INDIRECT METHOD ON SCALE TEST

Investigation of the composition of elements in drinking water, from water network of Belgrade city, with indirect method. This method is based on the scale that is made with precipitation from the water during heating, indicated presence of alkali and alkaline earth elements to a greater extent and heavy metals which is quite expected. Somewhat unexpectedly the presence of some elements, whose presence leads to a greater amount isn’t desirable, because they have the cumulative effect (Hg, Pb, Ni, As ), which indicates that these are areas of developed industrial production. The water from which was formed scale found a greater presence of Fe, Cu, and Mn. Scale testing determined the presence of radioactive elements U and Sr in drinking water. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis of the composition of the sample is composed of a mixture Mg calcite and aragonite. Multidisciplinary approach to the analysis of the scale is defining the new original indirect method of determining the quality of drinking water, so far not recorded in the literature

Laser Interaction with Material - Theory, Experiments and Discrepancies

The experimental treatment of chosen material with laser beams, starting from continuous wave up to fs pulses, produces the necessity to find the common and sophisticated theoretical approaches to interaction modeling. For chosen materials, some laser treatment and damage analyses are performed. The provoked stresses and parameters of transport processes (penetration depth) are calculated by using the programs for electrical circuit analyses. Some inconsistencies in the treatment of large area laser-material interaction are discussed

Genetic variability of red clover seedlings in relation to salt stress

Red clover is highly salt-sensitive plant, especially during germination and early seedling growth stages. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of different saline conditions (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200mM NaCl) on germination and early seedling growth in four red clover varieties (Kolubara, K-32, K-17 and K-39). Germination test was conducted in the laboratory conditions using sterile plastic vessels on filter paper moistened with 10ml of the appropriate salt test solutions. It was observed that the germination energy (GE), germination (G), percentage of dead or infected seeds (DIS), normal seedlings (NS), root length (RL), shoot length (ShL), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight of seedling (DW) and seedling vigor index (SVI) were significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of NaCl in the growing medium. The tested varieties of red clover showed different NaCl tolerance at the seedling stage. Generally, studied red clover varieties are very sensitive to salt, especially K-32 which has the lowest values for GE, G, NS and SVI and highest for DIS. Variety K-17 proved to be a variety that the best tolerates conditions of salt stress because the values for GE, G, NS, RL and SVI were highest. Testing of varieties of red clover in the early seedling growth at different concentrations of NaCl in the growing medium could be helpful in the identification and selection of varieties for cultivation on saline soils

Effect of foliar fertilization on soybean grain yield

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of foliar fertilization on quantitative traits (plant height, first pod height, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grain per plant, grain yield per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield) in two soybean cultivars (Balkan and Bečejka). Studied cultivars belong to different maturity groups (Balkan - I and Bečejka - 0). Four treatments of fertilization were tested: control (no fertilization), Urea (46 kg N ha-1), Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Wuxal super (5 l ha-1) and Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Ferticare I (5 kg ha-1). Wuxal super and Ferticare I were foliar applied two times at the R2-R3 growth stage. The field experiments were carried out in dry land farming in the region of Vojvodina province at location Putinci (45° 00' N Lat., 19° 58' E Long.), during the years 2007 and 2008. In both research years, Balkan had higher values for all investigated traits than Bečejka. Results showed that foliar fertilizers significantly increased the values for all quantitative traits. Ferticare I is more effective than Wuxal super in soybean because this fertilizer has higher concentration of macronutrients. Foliar fertilization of soybean reduced the negative impact of small amounts of rainfall during the summer months on grain yield

Silage fermentation characteristics of grass-legume mixtures harvested at two different maturity stages

The objective of our study was to investigate the diversity of individual parameters of quality of grass-legume mixture silages harvested in two stages of crop utilization and the impact of the interaction of studied factors on the quality. Legumes as an important source of protein are very difficult to ensilage. However, in mixture with grasses their fermentable characteristics are improved. During the growth and development of plants, their chemical composition changes, hence their ability and suitability for ensiling also changes. In regard to the studied factors, the phase of exploitation had a highly significant impact on almost all quality parameters in both years. By delaying the harvest period, dry matter content in silage has significantly increased and the level of crude protein and NH3-N decreased. In regard to the content of lactic acid, the studied silages fall into category of good quality silages. Its content in the first year ranged from 24.3-31.5 in the early harvest stage and from 27.9-36.2 g kg-1 DM at the late harvest stage, and in the second year from 27.4 to 31.4 in the early harvest stage and from 28.2- 31.9 g kg-1 DM at the stage of late harvest. According to the content of acetic and butyric acids, studied silages can also be considered as silages of good quality

DETERMINATION THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER BY INDIRECT METHOD ON SCALE TEST

Investigation of the composition of elements in drinking water, from water network of Belgrade city, with indirect method. This method is based on the scale that is made with precipitation from the water during heating, indicated presence of alkali and alkaline earth elements to a greater extent and heavy metals which is quite expected. Somewhat unexpectedly the presence of some elements, whose presence leads to a greater amount isn’t desirable, because they have the cumulative effect (Hg, Pb, Ni, As ), which indicates that these are areas of developed industrial production. The water from which was formed scale found a greater presence of Fe, Cu, and Mn. Scale testing determined the presence of radioactive elements U and Sr in drinking water. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis of the composition of the sample is composed of a mixture Mg calcite and aragonite. Multidisciplinary approach to the analysis of the scale is defining the new original indirect method of determining the quality of drinking water, so far not recorded in the literatur

Određivanje brzine korozije austentnih čelika u rastvorima kalcijum-hipohlorita

This paper presents the results of testing the corrosion resistance of austenitic chromium-nickel steel X6 CrNiTi 18-10 and X6 CrNiNb 18-10 in solutions of calcium hypochlorite. For the tests were used potentiodynamic measurement methods. By graphical method of linear polarization, corrosion currents and corrosion potential were obtained on the intersection of the Tafel real E = f(log i) on the basis of potentiodynamic curves for the examined steels. The comparative method to determine the corrosion current density is the polarization resistance method. Based on corrosion currents were calculated corrosion rate of tested steel. Anodic polarization curves for both austenitic steel in the investigated solutions were shot in the interval of stationary potential of up to + 2.5V, to determine the areas of activity. Test results show that with increasing of calcium hypochlorite solution concentration, increase the pH of the solution and the concentration of active chlorine which causes a reduction in the corrosion resistance of the tested steel. These steels are resistant to corrosion in a 1% solution, stable in 10% solutions, and less resistant in 50% suspensions of calcium hypochlorite.U ovom radu dati su rezultati ispitivanja korozione otpornosti austenitnih hrom-nikl čelika Č 4572 i Č 4583 u rastvorima kalcijum-hipohloriita. Za ispitivanja su korišćene potenciodinamičke metode merenja. Grafičkom metodom linearne polarizacije koroziona struja i korozioni potencijal dobijani su u preseku Tafelovih pravih E = f(log i) na osnovu potenciodinamičkih krivih za ispitivane čelike. Komparativna metoda za određivanje korozione struje je metoda polarizacionog otpora. Na osnovu korozionih struja, izračunate su brzine korozije ispitivanih čelika. Anodne polarizacione krive za oba austenitna čelika u ispitivanim rastvorima snimane su u intervalu potencijala od stacionarnog do +2,5V, da bi se odredila područja aktivnosti. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da sa porastom koncentracije rastvora kalcijum-hipohlorita, raste rN vrednost rastvora i koncentracija aktivnog hlora što izaziva smanjenje korozione otpornosti ispitivanih čelika. Ovi čelici su otporni na koroziju u 1% - nim rastvorima, postojani u 10% - nim rastvorima i manje otporni u 50% - nim suspenzijama kalcijum - hipohlorita