Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability contributes to major depressive disorder: a review of clinical and experimental evidence

About one-third of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) fail at least two antidepressant drug trials at 1 year. Together with clinical and experimental evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of MDD is multifactorial, this observation underscores the importance of elucidating mechanisms beyond monoaminergic dysregulation that can contribute to the genesis and persistence of MDD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are mechanistically linked to the presence of neurovascular dysfunction with blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability in selected neurological disorders, such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, MDD is frequently comorbid with such neurological disorders and constitutes an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in disorders characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the neurobiology of MDD. More recent evidence links neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to MDD without neurological comorbidity. We review this emerging literature and present a theoretical integration between these abnormalities to those involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in MDD. We discuss our hypothesis that alterations in endothelial nitric oxide levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling are central mechanistic links in this regard. Understanding the contribution of neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to the pathophysiology of MDD may help to identify novel therapeutic and preventative approaches

Comparison of computed water hammer pressures with test results for the Catalan power plant in Turkey

WOS: 000189258900008The closure of a flow control mechanism at the end of a penstock may cause significant transient pressures. The governing equations of this unsteady flow phenomenon, the conservation of mass and conservation of momentum, are solved by the method of characteristics using various computational schemes. A study was carried out to compare the computational results of the transient pressures with measured prototype data for the Catalan Power Plant in Turkey. Prototype data were collected during the closure of the wicket gates of a Francis turbine from the test procedures of "load rejection", "emergency shut down", and "quick stop". The numerical results for the transient pressures just upstream of the turbine are compared with the measured data. The general agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is found to be quite reasonable

A study on the urban rainfall runoff pollution in Adana City of Turkey

Urban rainfall runoff pollution for a settlement area of Adana city was investigated experimentally. For this purpose, runoff waters were sampled on 16 different rain periods between October 1999 and May 2000 in Mahfesigmaz, which is in Northwest Adana Upper City Development Region. Various parameters such as pH, EC, SS, VSS, COD, BOD5, TP, TKN, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd and Ni were analyzed for characterization of rainfall runoff waters. It was seen that concentrations of these parameters were rather high when comparing with related water quality and domestic wastewater discharge standards. It was determined that the rainfall runoff waters collected from the study area contain high pollutant concentrations and shouldn't be discharged directly to the receiving water bodies. Treatment requirement of the highly polluted urban runoff waters couveyed separate systems creates an additional cost for the existing units. Therefore, combined sewer systems are the convenient system for the conveyance of urban stormwater for Adana city and the similar settlement areas

Modeling rainfall-runoff pollution parameters using multiple linear regression technique: The case of Adana city - Turkey

Urban rainfall-runoff pollution for Adana city was investigated experimentally. Various parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), suspended solids (SS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD 5), were analysed for the characterization of rainfall runoff waters in Northwest Adana Upper City Development Region. In this study, these parameters were modelled using multiple linear regression (MLR) technique. Time (T), EC, COD, and SCOD were the input parameters, while SS, VSS, and BOD 5 were the output parameters. The results proved that these output parameters can be accurately predicted using the MLR technique with R 2 values higher than 80%

Comparison of computed water hammer pressures with test results for the Çatalan power plant in Turkey

The closure of a flow control mechanism at the end of a penstock may cause significant transient pressures. The governing equations of this unsteady flow phenomenon, the conservation of mass and conservation of momentum, are solved by the method of characteristics using various computational schemes. A study was carried out to compare the computational results of the transient pressures with measured prototype data for the Çatalan Power Plant in Turkey. Prototype data were collected during the closure of the wicket gates of a Francis turbine from the test procedures of "load rejection", "emergency shut down", and "quick stop". The numerical results for the transient pressures just upstream of the turbine are compared with the measured data. The general agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is found to be quite reasonable. © 2004 NRC Canada

Determination of total and fecal coliforms of Akyatan Lagoon in terms of microbiological pollution

Akyatan Lagoon, located on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, is ecologically and economically important due to biological diversity, valuable fish species, water birds, and wildlife resources. The area was declared a wildlife development area in 2005 and a Ramsar area in 1998. We collected water samples from four stations inside the lagoon and drainage channels during April–August in 2008. All the water samples were analyzed for bacteriological parameters such as total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and physical parameters such as temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO). In order to determine the number of fecal and total coliform bacteria, the most probable number (MPN) method was used. The objective of this study is to determine the levels of microbiological pollution in Akyatan Lagoon and drainage channels. Furthermore, observation on the impact of microbiological pollution of drainage channels on Akyatan Lagoon was also the another objective. The results indicated that the minimum TC and FC values were enumerated from the samples taken from all stations (2 MPN/100 ml) during May–August in 2008. The maximum TC levels were obtained in April and June (46,000 MPN/100 ml), while the maximum FC levels were determined in April (24,000 MPN/100 ml) in the S-3 (YD3 drainage channel). Moreover, the relationships between the TC and FC and physical parameters were also assessed, but no significant relationships were observed between the fecal indicator bacteria and environmental parameters. The only relationship that was significant for the TC was with salinity. According to the results, it can be said that there is total and fecal pollution in the two drainage channels flowing in the lagoon, while the lowest TC and FC results were detected inside the lagoon. The seal fishery (S-2) was polluted in terms of TC and FC. There is a potential risk related to the lagoon pollution for people and aquatic life for various activities such as rain, industrial, and urban runoff through drainage channels, agricultural irrigation, accommodating bird feces, and fishing activities. For this reason, the elimination of the source of urban and industrial pollution from drainage channels was needed for the sustainability of Akyatan Lagoon. © 2014, Saudi Society for Geosciences

Forecasting backwater through bridge constrictions in Mississippi River Basin

Hydraulic data collected in the 1960s during 92 distinct floods at 35 different bridge sites in the Mississippi River Basin revealed that the water surface profiles of these real-life cases were distinctly different from those observed in laboratory models of the comprehensive experimental studies of the 1950s by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and by U.S. Bureau of Public Roads (USBPR). The laboratory-developedmethods of USGS andUSBPR yielded only about half of the field backwaterswhen applied to the comprehensive field data. In the current work, using the same field data and accepting a profile like that observed in the field, a new regression-based formula for estimating bridge backwater is proposed and compared with the methods of USGS and USBPR, which yields more accurate results than these two methods with the advantage of requiring a smaller load of arithmetic operations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Water quality of Mediterranean coastal plains: conservation implications from the Akyatan Lagoon, Turkey

PubMedID: 25079087The water quality of the Akyatan Lagoon was characterized using hydrochemical methodology. The lagoon is located on the Mediterranean coast and is the largest wetland ecosystem in Turkey. In addition, the lagoon is classified as a hyper-salinity wetland. Water samples were collected monthly between December 2007 and November 2008. Eleven stations within the lagoon were determined, and triplicate grab samples were obtained from each station to characterize water quality as follows: T °C, pH, total alkalinity (TAlk), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and main anions, including chloride (Cl-), nitrates (NO3 -), and sulfate (SO4 2-). Results from selected stations indicated varying TDS, EC, salinity, and Cl- concentrations, from 20,892 to 175,824 mg/L, from 35.7 to 99.6 mS/cm, from 22.3 to 71.0 ppt, and from 14,819 to 44,198 mg Cl-/L, respectively. Data indicated that the spatial distribution of water quality parameters was significantly affected by freshwater input via the constructed drainage channels which collect water from a catchment area and discharge water into the lagoon as a point source, thus preventing drainage water to reach the lagoon as a nonpoint source. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland