Spatial Geometry of the Electric Field Representation of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

A unitary transformation \Ps [E]=\exp (i\O [E]/g) F[E] is used to simplify the Gauss law constraint of non-abelian gauge theories in the electric field representation. This leads to an unexpected geometrization because \o^a_i\equiv -\d\O [E]/\d E^{ai} transforms as a (composite) connection. The geometric information in \o^a_i is transferred to a gauge invariant spatial connection \G^i_{jk} and torsion by a suitable choice of basis vectors for the adjoint representation which are constructed from the electric field $E^{ai}$. A metric is also constructed from $E^{ai}$. For gauge group $SU(2)$, the spatial geometry is the standard Riemannian geometry of a 3-manifold, and for $SU(3)$ it is a metric preserving geometry with both conventional and unconventional torsion. The transformed Hamiltonian is local. For a broad class of physical states, it can be expressed entirely in terms of spatial geometric, gauge invariant variables.Comment: 16pp., REVTeX, CERN-TH.7238/94 (Some revision on Secs.3 and 5; one reference added

Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Carnivorous Plant Family Sarraceniaceae

The carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae comprises three genera of wetland-inhabiting pitcher plants: Darlingtonia in the northwestern United States, Sarracenia in eastern North America, and Heliamphora in northern South America. Hypotheses concerning the biogeographic history leading to this unusual disjunct distribution are controversial, in part because genus- and species-level phylogenies have not been clearly resolved. Here, we present a robust, species-rich phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae based on seven mitochondrial, nuclear, and plastid loci, which we use to illuminate this family's phylogenetic and biogeographic history. The family and genera are monophyletic: Darlingtonia is sister to a clade consisting of Heliamphora+Sarracenia. Within Sarracenia, two clades were strongly supported: one consisting of S. purpurea, its subspecies, and S. rosea; the other consisting of nine species endemic to the southeastern United States. Divergence time estimates revealed that stem group Sarraceniaceae likely originated in South America 44–53 million years ago (Mya) (highest posterior density [HPD] estimate = 47 Mya). By 25–44 (HPD = 35) Mya, crown-group Sarraceniaceae appears to have been widespread across North and South America, and Darlingtonia (western North America) had diverged from Heliamphora+Sarracenia (eastern North America+South America). This disjunction and apparent range contraction is consistent with late Eocene cooling and aridification, which may have severed the continuity of Sarraceniaceae across much of North America. Sarracenia and Heliamphora subsequently diverged in the late Oligocene, 14–32 (HPD = 23) Mya, perhaps when direct overland continuity between North and South America became reduced. Initial diversification of South American Heliamphora began at least 8 Mya, but diversification of Sarracenia was more recent (2–7, HPD = 4 Mya); the bulk of southeastern United States Sarracenia originated co-incident with Pleistocene glaciation, <3 Mya. Overall, these results suggest climatic change at different temporal and spatial scales in part shaped the distribution and diversity of this carnivorous plant clade

Resilience of prickly burnet to management in east Mediterranean rangelands

Large areas of rangelands in the east Mediterranean Basin are dominated by dense cover of the unpalatable, dwarf shrub prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach.). This study examined the effectiveness of various shrub control treatments (mechanical removal, chemical/2,4-D control, prescribed burning), combined with NPK fertilization, to reduce shrub cover and encourage the growth of palatable herbaceous vegetation. Chemical control was the most effective treatment, reducing prickly burnet cover to 40% of the initial level 2 years after treatment. Mechanical removal maintained shrub cover at 60% of the initial level, whereas the effect of fire was not detectable after 2 years. Annual and perennial herbaceous vegetation cover was negatively correlated with shrub cover. Fertilization had no effect on the cover of the vegetative components, but increased biomass on the herbaceous patches by 25-240%, depending on the treatment. Our results demonstrate the exceptionally high resilience of prickly burnet growing on chalk substrate to disturbance or attempted eradication, thus rendering most of the tested management options highly ineffective. Effective improvement of rangeland dominated by prickly burnet requires, most probably, a combined treatment including removal of mature shrubs, suppressing their recovery, and stimulating the competing grass component.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Muscle carnitine deficiency presenting as familial fatal cardiomyopathy.

Three siblings presented with fatal cardiomyopathy confirmed by electron microscopy, and normal serum but low muscle carnitine concentrations. A fourth had similar signs but remained asymptomatic. He was treated with carnitine orally which increased the concentration in muscle, though it remained below normal. Electron microscopic features were unchanged