MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT DOMESTIC GOAT IN THE MONGOLIA

Food and agricultural production sector, especially livestock production is vital for Mongolia’s economic and social development. The five breeds of livestock – cattle, horses, sheep, goats and camels, have always been directly related to the history, culture and economy of Mongolia. It is undeniable that these five breeds of livestock are considered as an important asset of the Mongolian economy as well as guarantee of national security. Out of the five breeds, small livestock including sheep and goats account for more than 80% of the total livestock population (according to the National Statistical Office data). It is not hard to retrieve research and recorded materials about the morphology or the economic productivity of these breeds and their sub-breeds. However, the development of society now demands higher yield from the livestock animals. Genetically, the a1, a2, a3 and a4 samples appertaining to some 3,000 years ago are substantially different from the haplogroups. However, judging by the phylogenetic tree the 800 year-old samples, as compared to the phylogroups of the 3rd century BC, are closer to the modern samples. Alongside this, from molecular distance we find that the M1 haplogroup is a sample belonging to the 3rd century BC, which had separated the earliest, while the aforementioned 800 year-old sample separates at a later period, which chronologically is convincing. But the a6 ancient sample conforms to the B haplogroup and the a8 or the sample of 800 years ago is in the same haplogroup as the sample of the 3rd century BC. However, the a6 sample obtained from the 3rd century BC tombs obtained sample was the origin of modern goats that can be included in haplogroup B

Reliable quantification of the potential for equations based on spot urine samples to estimate population salt intake: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Methods based on spot urine samples (a single sample at one time-point) have been identified as a possiblealternative approach to 24-hour urine samples for determining mean population salt intake.Objective: The aim of this study is to identify a reliable method for estimating mean population salt intake from spot urinesamples. This will be done by comparing the performance of existing equations against one other and against estimates derivedfrom 24-hour urine samples. The effects of factors such as ethnicity, sex, age, body mass index, antihypertensive drug use, healthstatus, and timing of spot urine collection will be explored. The capacity of spot urine samples to measure change in salt intakeover time will also be determined. Finally, we aim to develop a novel equation (or equations) that performs better than existingequations to estimate mean population salt intake.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data will be conducted. A search has been conductedto identify human studies that report salt (or sodium) excretion based upon 24-hour urine samples and spot urine samples. Therewere no restrictions on language, study sample size, or characteristics of the study population. MEDLINE via OvidSP (1946-present),Premedline via OvidSP, EMBASE, Global Health via OvidSP (1910-present), and the Cochrane Library were searched, and tworeviewers identified eligible studies. The authors of these studies will be invited to contribute data according to a standard format.Individual participant records will be compiled and a series of analyses will be completed to: (1) compare existing equations forestimating 24-hour salt intake from spot urine samples with 24-hour urine samples, and assess the degree of bias according tokey demographic and clinical characteristics; (2) assess the reliability of using spot urine samples to measure population changesin salt intake overtime; and (3) develop a novel equation that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean populationsalt intake.Results: The search strategy identified 538 records; 100 records were obtained for review in full text and 73 have been confirmedas eligible. In addition, 68 abstracts were identified, some of which may contain data eligible for inclusion. Individual participantdata will be requested from the authors of eligible studies.Conclusions: Many equations for estimating salt intake from spot urine samples have been developed and validated, althoughmost have been studied in very specific settings. This meta-analysis of individual participant data will enable a much broaderunderstanding of the capacity for spot urine samples to estimate population salt intake

Funeral practices and animal sacrifices in Mongolia at the Uigur period: archaeological and ethno-historical study of a kurgan C. in the Egyin Gol valley (Baikal region)

International audienc

Contribution à l'étude du peuplement de la région péri-Baïkal : étude anthropologique des restes humains mis au jour à Egyin Gol (Mongolie) en 1994

International audienc

Pratiques funéraires et sacrifices d'animaux en Mongolie à la période Proto-Historique. Du perçu au signifié à propos d'une sépulture Xiongnu de la vallée d'Egying Gol (région péri-Baïkal).

International audienceEtude d'un kourgane du II siècle de notre ère, situé au nord de la Mongolie. Au fond de la fosse, une chambre funéraire en bois contient un cercueil, qui a livré les restes d'un homme jeune, s'intégrant parfaitement dans la variabilité mongoloïde, auquel étaient associés sept pointes de flèches et les restes d'un arc. A côté de la chambre funéraire, les restes d'un autre coffre, contenant deux baguettes en os, ont été mis au jour. Au fond de la fosse, à l'extérieur des coffres, une niche avait été creusée en sape. Elle contient principalement les restes de l'extrémité céphalique et des extrémités distales des pattes, d'un cheval, de 3 bovinés et de 8 caprinés. L'étude de la saison d'abattage des animaux par l'intermédiaire de l'analyse, par lames minces, des dépôts de cément, jointe aux comparaisons avec des données archéologiques et historiques provenant de la même région du monde, permettent de s'interroger sur la signification de ces restes

Pratiques funéraires et sacrifices d'animaux en Mongolie à la période proto-historique. Du perçu au signifié. A propos d'une sépulture Xiongnu de la vallée d'Egyin Gol (Région péri-Baïkal).

Study of a kurgan of the second century A.D., in northern Mongolia. At the bottom of the pit, a wooden burial chamber contained a coffin which yielded the remains of a young man, perfectly within the range of variations of the mongoloïd type, together with the remains of the head and lower legs of one horse, three cattle and eight caprines. Thin sections of dental cementům were analyzed to determine the season during which the animals had been killed and comparison was made with archaeological and historical data from the same area of the world, raising the question of the significance of these remains.Etude d'un kourgane du IIe siècle de notre ère, situé au nord de la Mongolie. Au fond de la fosse, une chambre funéraire en bois contient un cercueil, qui a livré les restes d'un homme jeune, s'intégrant parfaitement dans la variabilité mongoloïde, auquel étaient associés sept pointes de flèches et les restes d'un arc. A côté de la chambre funéraire, les restes d'un autre coffre, contenant deux baguettes en os, ont été mis au jour. Au fond de la fosse, à l'extérieur des coffres, une niche avait été creusée en sape. Elle contient principalement les restes de l'extrémité céphalique et des extrémités distales des pattes, d'un cheval, de 3 bovines, et de 8 caprines. L'étude de la saison d'abattage des animaux par l' intermédiaire de l'analyse, par lames minces, des dépôts de cément, jointe aux comparaisons avec des données archéologiques et historiques provenant de la même région du monde, permettent de s'interroger sur la signification de ces restes.Crubezy Éric, Martin Hélène, Giscard Pierre-Henri, Batsaikhan Z., Erdenebaatar Diimaajav, Maureille Bruno, Verdier Jean-Pierre. Pratiques funéraires et sacrifices d'animaux en Mongolie à la période proto-historique. Du perçu au signifié. A propos d'une sépulture Xiongnu de la vallée d'Egyin Gol (Région péri-Baïkal).. In: Paléorient, 1996, vol. 22, n°1. pp. 89-107

Wildfire-induced short-term changes in a small mammal community increase prevalence of a zoonotic pathogen?

Natural disturbances like droughts and fires are important determinants of wildlife community structure and are suggested to have important implications for prevalence of wildlife-borne pathogens. After a major wildfire affecting >1,600 ha of boreal forest in Sweden in 2006, we took the rare opportunity to study the short-term response (2007-2010 and 2015) of small mammal community structure, population dynamics, and prevalence of the Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) hosted by bank voles (Myodes glareolus). We performed snap-trapping in permanent trapping plots in clear-cuts (n = 3), unburnt reference forests (n = 7), and the fire area (n = 7) and surveyed vegetation and habitat structure. Small mammal species richness was low in all habitats (at maximum three species per trapping session), and the bank vole was the only small mammal species encountered in the fire area after the first postfire year. In autumns of years of peak rodent densities, the trapping index of bank voles was lowest in the fire area, and in two of three peak-density years, it was highest in clear-cuts. Age structure of bank voles varied among forest types with dominance of overwintered breeders in the fire area in the first postfire spring. PUUV infection probability in bank voles was positively related to vole age. Infection probability was highest in the fire area due to low habitat complexity in burnt forests, which possibly increased encounter rate among bank voles. Our results suggest that forest fires induce cascading effects, including fast recovery/recolonization of fire areas by generalists like bank voles, impoverished species richness of small mammals, and altered prevalence of a rodent-borne zoonotic pathogen. Our pilot study suggests high human infection risk upon encountering a bank vole in the fire area, however, with even higher overall risk in unburnt forests due to their higher vole numbers