Ausbildung von Rettungspersonal: Worin und wozu?

Zusammenfassung: Für viele an und für sich akzeptierte Interventionen in der Notfallmedizin fehlt die wissenschaftliche Evidenz. Das erschwert zwangsläufig die Ausbildungsinhalte des eingesetzten Personals. Rettungssanitäter werden in der Schweiz in allen lebensrettenden Basismaßnahmen ausgebildet, können aber in delegierter Kompetenz auch gewisse ärztliche Interventionen ausführen. Für Notärzte gilt, dass nur erfahrene und gut ausgebildete Kliniker im Rahmen eines strukturierten Weiterbildungsprogramms, respektive nach dessen Abschluss zum Einsatz kommen sollen, was dann aufgrund ihrer Entscheidungskompetenz und Teamleitungsfunktion auch in ethischen Spannungsfeldern vorteilhaft is

Hyperuricaemia in cyclosporin-treated patients: a GFR-related effect

Background Hyperuricaemia is a well known side-effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment. The pathogenic mechanisms, however, remain controversial. There is no convincing evidence that hyperuricaemia is due to CsA-induced, impaired tubular handling of uric acid. The impact of diminished GFR in this particular context has never been investigated. Methods We prospectively studied plasma uric acid, inulin clearances, and fractional clearances of uric acid in two groups of CsA-treated patients (bone-marrow transplant patients, n=50; renal transplant patients, n=32), and one healthy control group without CsA (living related kidney donors, n=28). Bone-marrow transplant patients were examined before transplantation and 6, 12, 18, 24 months after transplantation, renal transplant patients 1 year after transplantation, and living related kidney donors before and 1 year after unilateral nephrectomy. Results After 1 year of CsA treatment, hyperuricaemia was found in 36% of bone-marrow transplant patients and in 53% of renal transplant patients. Thirty per cent of living related kidney donors were borderline hyperuricaemic 1 year after unilateral nephrectomy. The fractional clearance of uric acid, measured serially in bone-marrow transplant patients did not change significantly over time; it was, however, slightly higher during CsA treatment than after CsA withdrawal. Moreover, the bone-marrow transplant patients' fractional clearance of uric acid was not statistically different from the renal transplant patients' and the living related kidney donors' (values 1 year after transplantation/unilateral nephrectomy: bone-marrow transplant patients, 15.3±2.3%; renal transplant patients, 11.9±0.9%; living related kidney donors, 11.1±0.8%). The GFR at 1 year, measured by inulin clearance, was identical in the CsA-treated groups and slightly higher in the living related kidney donors (bone-marrow transplant patients, 51±6 ml/min per 1.73 m2 renal transplant patients, 49±3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 living related kidney donors, 61±2 ml/min per 1.73 min2). Conclusions There is no evidence for impaired tubular handling of uric acid, induced by a CsA-specific tubulotoxic effect. Hyperuricaemia in CsA-treated transplant patients can therefore be attributed to the cyclosporin associated decrease of GF

Excellent uricosuric efficacy of benzbromarone in cyclosporin-A-treated renal transplant patients: a prospective study

Patients on cyclosporin A (CsA) often develop hyperuricaemia and gout. In transplant patients the use of uricosuric drugs for treating hyperuricaemia may be preferable to allopurinol because of the known interaction of the latter with azathioprine. We therefore prospectively studied the uricosuric efficacy of 100 mg benzbromarone (Bbr;Desuric®) daily in 25 CsA-treated renal transplant patients with stable graft function and hyperuricaemia (>359 μmol/l for females, >491 μmol/l for males). Benzbromarone decreased plasma uric acid from 579±18 μmol/l to 313±24 μmol/l (mean±SEM; P25 ml/min. Due to its excellent efficacy and lack of significant side-effects, benzbromarone appears to be preferable to allopurinol in CsA-treated renal transplant recipients with a creati nine clearance over 25 ml/mi

Elektronische Geruchsuntersuchung von Hölzern

Zusammenfassung: Ber Hoizgeruch wurde bisiang bei der Bestimmung der Holzart und Beschreibung des Holzzustandes nur marginal berücksichtigt. Mit Hilfe einer Anlage mit einer neuen Kombination von Gassensorarrays (Serien von gasempfindlichen Metallhalbleitern), verbunden mit neuronalen Netzen, wurden einheimische Nadel- und Laubhölzer sowie tropische Laubhölzer auf ihre Unterscheidbarkeit getestet. Eine gezielte Datenbearbeitung ermöglicht es, auch bisher schwer zu unterscheidende Arten über den Geruch zu trennen. Neben der Abhängigkeit des Geruches von der Holzart und weiterer Faktoren (mit dem Ort der Probenentnahme im Baum zusammenhängend) werden auch allgemeine Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Systems kurz diskutier

Looking for differences in wood properties as a function of the felling date: lunar phase-correlated variations in the drying behavior of Norway Spruce ( Picea abies Karst.) and Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.)

A large-scale field experiment on the drying behavior of Norway Spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in relation to the felling date was conducted over a period of 24weeks in order to investigate the existence of variations linked to lunar rhythms, which are mentioned as having a role in many traditional forestry practices. The measured criteria were the water loss from fresh to dry state, the shrinkage linked to this water loss, and the relative density (ratio between the dry density and the initial fresh density) for both sapwood and heartwood in Picea and heartwood in Castanea. In addition to seasonal trends, slight but significant variations with lunar periodicities (both synodic and sidereal; to a much lesser extent tropic) characterize the three investigated criteria. These lunar rhythmicities occur in both Picea and Castanea, in heartwood and sapwood. These results raise new questions and perspectives about a rhythmic character of the wood-water relatio

Who is calling? Optimizing source identification from marmoset vocalizations with hierarchical machine learning classifiers

With their highly social nature and complex vocal communication system, marmosets are important models for comparative studies of vocal communication and, eventually, language evolution. However, our knowledge about marmoset vocalizations predominantly originates from playback studies or vocal interactions between dyads, and there is a need to move towards studying group-level communication dynamics. Efficient source identification from marmoset vocalizations is essential for this challenge, and machine learning algorithms (MLAs) can aid it. Here we built a pipeline capable of plentiful feature extraction, meaningful feature selection, and supervised classification of vocalizations of up to 18 marmosets. We optimized the classifier by building a hierarchical MLA that first learned to determine the sex of the source, narrowed down the possible source individuals based on their sex and then determined the source identity. We were able to correctly identify the source individual with high precisions (87.21%–94.42%, depending on call type, and up to 97.79% after the removal of twins from the dataset). We also examine the robustness of identification across varying sample sizes. Our pipeline is a promising tool not only for source identification from marmoset vocalizations but also for analysing vocalizations of other species

Optimising source identification from marmoset vocalisations with hierarchical machine learning classifiers

Marmosets, with their highly social nature and complex vocal communication system, are important models for comparative studies of vocal communication and, eventually, language evolution. However, our knowledge about marmoset vocalisations predominantly originates from playback studies or vocal interactions between dyads, and there is a need to move towards studying group-level communication dynamics. Efficient source identification from marmoset vocalisations is essential for this challenge, and machine learning algorithms (MLAs) can aid it. Here we built a pipeline capable of plentiful feature extraction, meaningful feature selection, and supervised classification of vocalisations of up to 18 marmosets. We optimised the classifier by building a hierarchical MLA that first learned to determine the sex of the source, narrowed down the possible source individuals based on their sex, and then determined the source identity. We were able to correctly identify the source individual with high precisions (87.21% – 94.42%, depending on call type, and up to 97.79% after the removal of twins from the dataset). We also examine the robustness of identification across varying sample sizes. Our pipeline is a promising tool not only for source identification from marmoset vocalisations but also for analysing vocalisations and tracking vocal learning trajectories of other species

Towards a Precise Parton Luminosity Determination at the CERN LHC

A new approach to determine the LHC luminosity is investigated. Instead of employing the proton-proton luminosity measurement, we suggest to measure directly the parton-parton luminosity. It is shown that the electron and muon pseudorapidity distributions, originating from the decay of W+, W- and Z0 bosons produced at 14 TeV pp collisions (LHC), constrain the x distributions of sea and valence quarks and antiquarks in the range from about 3 x 10**-4 to about 10**-1 at a Q**2 of about 10**4 GeV**2. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that, once the quark and antiquark structure functions are constrained from the W+,W- and Z0 production dynamics, other quark-antiquark related scattering processes at the LHC like q-qbar --> W+W- can be predicted accurately. Thus, the lepton pseudorapidity distributions provide the key to a precise parton luminosity monitor at the LHC, with accuracies of about +-1% compared to the so far considered goal of +-5%.Comment: plain tex, 14 pages, 5 figure

Sub-Threshold Fabrication of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Diamond-like Nanocomposite Films with IR Femtosecond Pulses

In the paper, we study the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) a-C:H:Si:O films during nanoscale ablation processing at low fluences—below the single-pulse graphitization and spallation thresholds—using an IR fs-laser (wavelength 1030 nm, pulse duration 320 fs, pulse repetition rate 100 kHz, scanning beam velocity 0.04–0.08 m/s). The studies are focused on microscopic analysis of the nanostructured DLN film surface at different stages of LIPSS formation and numerical modeling of surface plasmon polaritons in a thin graphitized surface layer. Important findings are concerned with (i) sub-threshold fabrication of high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) and low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) under negligible surface graphitization of hard DLN films, (ii) transition from the HSFL (periods of 140 ± 30 and 230 ± 40 nm) to LSFL (period of 830–900 nm) within a narrow fluence range of 0.21–0.32 J/cm2, (iii) visualization of equi-field lines by ablated nanoparticles at an initial stage of the LIPSS formation, providing proof of larger electric fields in the valleys and weaker fields at the ridges of a growing surface grating, (iv) influence of the thickness of a laser-excited glassy carbon (GC) layer on the period of surface plasmon polaritons excited in a three-layer system “air/GC layer/DLN film”