Comparing Enterovirus 71 with Coxsackievirus A16 by analyzing nucleotide sequences and antigenicity of recombinant proteins of VP1s and VP4s

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are two major etiological agents of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD). EV71 is associated with severe cases but not CA16. The mechanisms contributed to the different pathogenesis of these two viruses are unknown. VP1 and VP4 are two major structural proteins of these viruses, and should be paid close attention to.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The sequences of <it>vp1s </it>from 14 EV71 and 14 CA16, and <it>vp4s </it>from 10 EV71 and 1 CA16 isolated in this study during 2007 to 2009 HFMD seasons were analyzed together with the corresponding sequences available in GenBank using DNAStar and MEGA 4.0. Phylogenetic analysis of complete <it>vp1s </it>or <it>vp4s </it>showed that EV71 isolated in Beijing belonged to C4 and CA16 belonged to lineage B2 (lineage C). VP1s and VP4s from 4 strains of viruses expressed in <it>E. coli BL21 </it>cells were used to detect IgM and IgG in human sera by Western Blot. The detection of IgM against VP1s of EV71 and CA16 showed consistent results with current infection, while none of the sera were positive against VP4s of EV71 and CA16. There was significant difference in the positive rates between EV71 VP1 and CA16 VP1 (χ²= 5.02, P < 0.05) as well as EV71 VP4 and CA16 VP4 (χ²= 15.30, P < 0.01) in the detection of IgG against recombinant proteins with same batch of serum samples. The sera-positive rate of IgG against VP1 was higher than that against VP4 for both EV71 (χ²= 26.47, P < 0.01) and CA16 (χ²= 16.78, P < 0.01), which might be because of different positions of VP1 and VP4 in the capsid of the viruses.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>EV71 and CA16 were highly diverse in the nucleotide sequences of <it>vp1s </it>and <it>vp4s</it>. The sera positive rates of VP1 and VP4 of EV71 were lower than those of CA16 respectively, which suggested a less exposure rate to EV71 than CA16 in Beijing population. Human serum antibodies detected by Western blot using VP1s and VP4s as antigen indicated that the immunological reaction to VP1 and VP4 of both EV71 and CA16 was different.</p

Degradasi Gliserol menjadi Produk Kimia Antara (chemical intermediate product) pada Kondisi Dekat Air Superkritis

Degradation of glycerol in near-supercritical water is an alternate route to convert glycerol to be other valuable chemical products. This method is fast, cheap, and safe for the environment. The objective of this research was to study the effect of temperature and reaction time to the concentration of chemical intermediate product. The experiment was done in reaction time for 10-60 minutes, temperature range of 200-400oC, under a constant pressure of 250 kgf/ cm2. A solution of glycerol and water (1:10 (w/w)) was put in a batch reactor. System was pressurized and heated until a desired pressure and temperature. When reaction time was reached, the reaction was suddenly stopped by cooling the reactor. Liquid product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography. The main products of glycerol degradation were acetaldehyde, methanol, and ethanol. The result showed that acetaldehyde started to be formed at 200oC, while methanol and ethanol were formed at 250oC and 300oC respectively. When temperature reached 350oC, concentration of acetaldehyde increased drastically then decreased at 400oC. On the other hand, concentration of alcohol products increased with temperature. Below critical point, concentration of all the products increased with reaction time, but when it was 400oC they got increasing maximum at the 40th minute. Keywords: degradation, glycerol, chemical intermediate product, supercritical wate

The Characteristics of Blood Glucose and WBC Counts in Peripheral Blood of Cases of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease in China: A Systematic Review

Background: Outbreaks of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) have occurred in many parts of the world especially in China. We aimed to summarize the characteristics of the levels of blood glucose and white blood cell (WBC) counts in cases of HFMD in Mainland China and Taiwan, using meta-analysis based on systematic review of published articles. Methods: We systematically reviewed published studies, from the MEDLINE and WANFANG Data, about the levels of blood glucose and WBC counts in cases of HFMD until 15 th June 2011, and quantitatively summarized the characteristics of them using meta-analysis. Results: In total, 37 studies were included in this review. In Mainland China and Taiwan, generally, the average level of blood glucose, the prevalence of hyperglycemia, WBC counts and the prevalence of leukocytosis increased with the severity of the illness. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of leukocytosis between ANS (autonomic nervous system dysregulation)/PE (pulmonary edema) group and CNS (central nervous system) group, and in the average level of blood glucose between healthy controls and mild cases of HFMD. WBC counts in cases infected by EV71 were less than those in cases infected by CA16. Conclusions: our analyses indicated that blood glucose and WBC counts increased with the severity of HFMD disease, which would help doctors to manage patients efficiently

Establishment of a diagnostic model based on immune-related genes in children with asthma

Objective: Allergic asthma is driven by an antigen-specific immune response. This study aimed to identify immune-related differentially expressed genes in childhood asthma and establish a classification diagnostic model based on these genes. Methods: GSE65204 and GSE19187 were downloaded and served as training set and validation set. The immune cell composition was evaluated with ssGSEA algorithm based on the immune-related gene set. Modules that significantly related to the asthma were selected by WGCNA algorithm. The immune-related differentially expressed genes (DE-IRGs) were screened, the protein-protein interaction network and diagnostic model of DE-IRGs was constructed. The pathway and immune correlation analysis of hub DE-IRGs was analyzed. Results: Eight immune cell types exhibited varying levels of abundance between the asthma and control groups. A total of 112 differentially expressed immune-related genes (DE-IRGs) was identified. Through the application of four ranking methods (MCC, MNC, DEGREE, and EPC), 17 hub DE-IRGs with overlapping significance were further selected. Subsequently, 8 optimized were identified using univariate logistic regression analysis and the LASSO regression algorithm, based on which a robust diagnostic model was constructed. Notably, TNF and CD40LG emerged as direct participants in asthma-related signaling pathways, displaying a positive correlation with the immune cell types of immature B cells, activated B cells, activated CD8 T cells, activated CD4 T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Conclusion: The diagnostic model constructed using the DE-IRGs (CCL5, CCR5, CD40LG, CD8A, IL2RB, PDCD1, TNF, and ZAP70) exhibited high and specific diagnostic value for childhood asthma. The diagnostic model may contribute to the diagnosis of childhood asthma

Flow diagram of study identification.

<p>Flow diagram of study identification.</p

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of leukocytosis between CNS and ANS/PE.

<p>Each comparison was presented by the name of the first author and the year of the publication. The studies were shown by a point estimate of the OR and the accompanying 95%CI which were displayed on a logarithmic scale using a random effects model. The studies are sorted according to the weight which was obtained by contribution to the pooled OR estimate. Between-study heterogeneity was tested by the x²-based Q-statistic, and its impact was quantified by I² which can range between 0 and 100%.</p

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of leukocytosis between mild cases and severe cases of HFMD.

<p>Each comparison was presented by the name of the first author and the year of the publication. The studies were shown by a point estimate of the OR and the accompanying 95%CI which were displayed on a logarithmic scale using a random effects model. The studies are sorted according to the weight which was obtained by contribution to the pooled OR estimate. Between-study heterogeneity was tested by the x²-based Q-statistic, and its impact was quantified by I² which can range between 0 and 100%.</p

Meta-analysis of the level of blood glucose between mild cases and severe cases of HFMD.

<p>Each comparison was presented by the name of the first author and the year of the publication. The studies were shown by a point estimate of the MD and the accompanying 95%CI which were displayed on a logarithmic scale using a random effects model. The studies are sorted according to the weight which was obtained by contribution to the pooled MD estimate. Between-study heterogeneity was tested by the x²-based Q-statistic, and its impact was quantified by I² which can range between 0 and 100%.</p

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of hyperglycemia between mild cases and severe cases of HFMD.

<p>Each comparison was presented by the name of the first author and the year of the publication. The studies were shown by a point estimate of the OR and the accompanying 95%CI which were displayed on a logarithmic scale using a random effects model. The studies are sorted according to the weight which was obtained by contribution to the pooled OR estimate. Between-study heterogeneity was tested by the x²-based Q-statistic, and its impact was quantified by I² which can range between 0 and 100%.</p

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of hyperglycemia between CNS and ANS/PE.

<p>Each comparison was presented by the name of the first author and the year of the publication. The studies were shown by a point estimate of the OR and the accompanying 95%CI which were displayed on a logarithmic scale using a random effects model. The studies are sorted according to the weight which was obtained by contribution to the pooled OR estimate. Between-study heterogeneity was tested by the x²-based Q-statistic, and its impact was quantified by I² which can range between 0 and 100%.</p