Structural analysis and insertion study reveal the ideal sites for surface displaying foreign peptides on a betanodavirus-like particle

Additional file 3: The averaged density distribution of the 3D reconstructions. The mass densities of the RBS are spherically averaged and plotted as a function of the particle radius. Below a radius of 115 Å is the density of enclosed RNA fragments (The RNA fragments do not belong to the virus genome, they are arbitrarily enclosed bacterial RNA). The density distribution between 115–150 Å and 150–190 Å are the capsid and the protrusion respectively. In the capsid shell, each subunit arranged in a “jerry-roll” structure results in that the capsid shell looks like two layers (two density peaks)

Controlled Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Augments the Coupling of Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis for Accelerating Mandibular Defect Repair

Reconstruction of a mandibular defect is challenging, with high expectations for both functional and esthetic results. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is an essential growth factor in osteogenesis, but the efficacy of the BMP-2-based strategy on the bone regeneration of mandibular defects has not been well-investigated. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of BMP-2 that drives the bone formation in mandibular defects remain to be clarified. Here, we utilized BMP-2-loaded hydrogel to augment bone formation in a critical-size mandibular defect model in rats. We found that implantation of BMP-2-loaded hydrogel significantly promoted intramembranous ossification within the defect. The region with new bone triggered by BMP-2 harbored abundant CD31+ endomucin+ type H vessels and associated osterix (Osx)+ osteoprogenitor cells. Intriguingly, the new bone comprised large numbers of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) (CD51+ CD200+) and their multi-potent descendants (CD51+ CD105+), which were mainly distributed adjacent to the invaded blood vessels, after implantation of the BMP-2-loaded hydrogel. Meanwhile, BMP-2 further elevated the fraction of CD51+ CD105+ SSC descendants. Overall, the evidence indicates that BMP-2 may recapitulate a close interaction between functional vessels and SSCs. We conclude that BMP-2 augmented coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in a novel and indispensable way to improve bone regeneration in mandibular defects, and warrants clinical investigation and application

MOESM1 of Betanodavirus-like particles enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a cholesterol-, pH- and cytoskeleton-dependent manner

Additional file 1. The predicted protein domains of sbCH and sbCL by SMART. CLH means clathrin heavy chain while Clathrin_lg_ch indicates clathrin. The pink block indicates the low complexity. The digits show the length of the linear proteins