Concentration curve of healthcare payments and Lorenz curve.

<p>Actual cumulative concentration curve for healthcare payments (including general tax, social and commercial health insurances, and OOP payments) and Lorenz curves in both urban and rural areas for 2002 and 2007.</p

Share of healthcare financing amounts in Heilongjiang province during 2002 and 2007.

<p>Data source: China National Health Accounts Report.</p><p>Share of healthcare financing amounts in Heilongjiang province during 2002 and 2007.</p

Conceptual cumulative concentration curve for healthcare payments and Lorenz curves.

<p>Conceptual cumulative concentration curve for healthcare payments and per capita household expenditure are shown. The concentration curve plots the cumulative percentage of healthcare payments (y-axis) against the cumulative percentage of the population (x-axis). Population is ranked according to ATP, from poorest to richest. The value of the concentration index is measured as twice the area between the concentration curve, L₁, and the line of equality, L_e (45°line running from the bottom-left corner to the top-right). The Lorenz curve (L₂) represents the relationship between the cumulative percentage of per capita household expenditures and the cumulative percentage of the population, which is indicated by the Gini coefficient.</p

Health care financing distribution by income quintile, concentration index (CI), and Kakwani index (KI).

<p>*Significant at 0.05.</p><p>**Significant at 0.01.</p><p>X indicates rejection of the null hypothesis that curves are indistinguishable in favor of curves crossing at the 5% significance level.</p><p>None indicates failure to reject the null hypothesis that curves are indistinguishable at the 5% significance level.</p><p>+/− indicates concentration curve dominates (is dominated by) the Lorenz curve or concentration curve in one year or area and dominates (is dominated by) the other in another year or area.</p><p>Health care financing distribution by income quintile, concentration index (CI), and Kakwani index (KI).</p

Descriptive statistics and socioeconomic characteristics of survey respondents characterized by income quintile.

<p>Data source: author’s calculations based on household survey data.</p>a<p>All expenditures are presented in RMB.</p>b<p>All 2002 nominal prices have been adjusted to real prices from 2007 according to China’s Consumer Price Index (CPI).</p>c<p>Standard deviation.</p><p>Descriptive statistics and socioeconomic characteristics of survey respondents characterized by income quintile.</p

A Novel Outlier-Robust Kalman Filtering Framework based on Statistical Similarity Measure

In this paper, a statistical similarity measure is in-troduced to quantify the similarity between two random vectors. The measure is then employed to develop a novel outlier-robust Kalman filtering framework. The approximation errors and the stability of the proposed filter are analyzed and discussed. To implement the filter, a fixed-point iterative algorithm and a separate iterative algorithm are given, and their local convergent conditions are also provided, and their comparisons have been made. In addition, selection of the similarity function is considered, and four exemplary similarity functions are established, from which the relations between our new method and existing outlier-robust Kalman filters are revealed. Simulation examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness and potential of the new filtering scheme

Conceptual cumulative concentration curve for government subsidies in terms of healthcare and income.

<p>Conceptual cumulative concentration curve for government subsidies in terms of healthcare and per capita income is shown. The concentration curve plots the cumulative percentage of health subsidy (y-axis) against the cumulative percentage of the population (x-axis). Population is ranked according to living standard, from the poorest to the richest. The concentration index is measured as twice the area between the concentration curve, L₁, and the line of equality, L_e (the 45° line running from the bottom-left corner to the top-right). The Lorenz curve (L₂) represents the relationship between the cumulative percentage of per capita income and the cumulative percentage of the population, which is measured by the Gini coefficient.</p

Figure S1. Genome-wide chromosomal heatmap of Yoshiicerus persimilis.;Figure S2. GO (a, b) and KEGG enrichment (c, d) for genes located in duplicated regions within ElChr in Y. persimilis and T. qinae, respectively. from Genomic insights into the chromosomal elongation in a family of Collembola

Collembola is a highly diverse and abundant group of soil arthropods with chromosome numbers ranging from 5 to 11. Previous karyotype studies indicated that the Tomoceridae family possesses an exceptionally long chromosome. To better understand chromosome size evolution in Collembola, we obtained a chromosome-level genome of Yoshiicerus persimilis with a size of 334.44 Mb and BUSCO completeness of 97.0% (n = 1013). Both genomes of Y. persimilis and Tomocerus qinae (recently published) have an exceptionally large chromosome (ElChr greater than 100 Mb), accounting for nearly one-third of the genome. Comparative genomic analyses suggest that chromosomal elongation occurred independently in two species approximately 10 million years ago, rather than in the ancestor of the Tomoceridae family. The ElChr elongation was caused by large tandem and segmental duplications, as well as transposon proliferation, with genes in these regions experiencing weaker purifying selection (higher dN/dS) than conserved regions. Moreover, inter-genomic synteny analyses indicated that chromosomal fission/fusion events played a crucial role in the evolution of chromosome numbers (ranging from 5 to 7) within Entomobryomorpha. This study provides a valuable resource for investigating the chromosome evolution of Collembola

Table S1:;Table S2. from Genomic insights into the chromosomal elongation in a family of Collembola

Comparison of the largest chromosome of the Yoshiicerus persimilis genome with that of other published collembolan chromosome-level genomes.;Statistics of the sequencing data used for genome assembly

Additional file 1 of Polarized Th2 cells attenuate high-fat-diet induced obesity through the suppression of lipogenesis

Additional file 1