Influence of medium modifications (optimization) on high nematicidal activity of the fermentation broth of Clostridium beijerinckii

Introduction: The nematode species Meloidogyne incognita has been responsible for significant financial losses within the agricultural sector. Nematophagous bacteria, characterised by their extensive distribution and broad spectrum of hosts, exhibit remarkable efficacy as natural antagonists against nematodes. Sneb518 (Clostridium beijerinckii) fermentation broth displayed substantial biocontrol activity against M. incognita in previous research. Optimizing fermentation conditions is a fundamental technique for dramatically enhancing end product performance. There has been no such study conducted yet on enhancing the nematicidal activities of Sneb518 (Clostridium beijerinckii) fermentation using response surface methodology (RSM).Methods: The influence of strain Sneb518 fermentation media and conditions on nematicidal activity was examined using the three-factor technique and a Plackett-Burman design, and the interaction between various fermentation factors was examined using a Box-Behnken design. The present study employed response surface methodology (RSM) to examine and enhance the nematicidal activity of Sneb518 culture filtrates by identifying and optimising the influential components.Results: Glucose, peanut cake flour, and potassium chloride as carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic salts displayed considerably increased nematicidal potential in the present study. Furthermore, the corrected mortality of J2 ranged from 52.24% to 91.15% when utilizing the Box-Behnken design. These findings clearly support the application of RSM for medium optimization. Moreover, the outcomes of the validation experiment corresponded to the model predictions.Discussion: This research has enhanced the biocontrol ability of C. beijerinckii to control M. incognita and this research has led to the advancement of new biocontrol agents

Effects of season and diel cycle on hydroacoustic estimates of density, Target Strength, and vertical distribution of fish in Yudong Reservoir, a plateau deep water reservoir in southwest China in a plateau deep

Hydroacoustics is a non-invasive fish stock assessment sampling technique that plays an important role in fishery science and management. However, non-standard hydroacoustic surveys could lead to biased results, and the factor of the sampling period (e.g., season and diel cycle) is extremely critical as it can greatly affect hydroacoustic results. Efforts to improve the accuracy and credibility of the hydroacoustic survey results are getting more and more attention. Thus, we conducted two diel hydroacoustic surveys in situ in summer and winter to detect whether there were diel and seasonal differences in density, Target Strength (TS) and vertical distribution of fish. The results indicated that nighttime had significantly higher fish mean density than daytime in summer and winter. No significant difference between summer and winter daytime, however, significant difference between summer and winter nighttime, but this bias could be accepted from the fisheries management perspective; The mean TS of the summer daytime was significantly higher than that of summer nighttime, winter daytime and winter nighttime, but there were no significant differences among summer nighttime, winter daytime, and winter nighttime, mainly due to mean TS may be overestimated from fish schooling behavior during summer daytime; The fish vertical distribution had significant seasonal correlations and was more dispersed in different water layers during the nighttime, proving that the assessment was better at nighttime than during the daytime. Consequently, the hydroacoustic surveys in Yudong Reservoir and other similar plateau deep water reservoirs should be performed at nighttime, which will yield relatively accurate density and TS, and dispersed vertical distribution of fish

Measurement of forward charged hadron flow harmonics in peripheral PbPb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the LHCb detector

Flow harmonic coefficients, v n , which are the key to studying the hydrodynamics of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in heavy-ion collisions, have been measured in various collision systems and kinematic regions and using various particle species. The study of flow harmonics in a wide pseudorapidity range is particularly valuable to understand the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of the QGP. This paper presents the first LHCb results of the second- and the third-order flow harmonic coefficients of charged hadrons as a function of transverse momentum in the forward region, corresponding to pseudorapidities between 2.0 and 4.9, using the data collected from PbPb collisions in 2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV . The coefficients measured using the two-particle angular correlation analysis method are smaller than the central-pseudorapidity measurements at ALICE and ATLAS from the same collision system but share similar features

Influence of the Three Gorges Project on the Water Resource Components of Poyang Lake Watershed: Observations from TRMM and GRACE

The Three Gorges Project (TGP) has received many criticisms about its potential effects on the changes in the downstream ecosystems. Poyang Lake is the largest body of water downstream of the TGP, and it is not immune to these changes. TRMM and GRACE data were introduced in this study to estimate river-lake water exchange, from which the hydrological responses of Poyang Lake could be identified. A significant decreasing trend of the runoff coefficient has been observed since 2003, resulting in 6.02 km3 more water discharge from the lake into the Yangtze River than under normal conditions. No significant interannual changes occurred in the water level or local precipitation, and GRACE observations revealed that groundwater discharge appeared to be the most likely compensation for the water loss. A novel approach, namely, the groundwater abnormality index (GAI), was developed to depict the water exchange using GRACE and surface water observations. Lower than normal GAIs were found between 2003 and 2005, reaching a minimum of −29.26 in October 2003, corresponding to ten times of the mean GAI during 2006–2012, clearly indicating a significant water exchange in Poyang Lake Basin from groundwater to surface water after the TGP impoundment

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of sun loach (Yasuhikotakia eos)

The complete mitochondrial genome of the sun loach (Yasuhikotakia eos) was determined based on Illumina data in this study. The result showed that the closed double-stranded circular mitogenome was 16,738 bp in total length (GenBank accession number: MT800510) with 58.41% AT. The mitochondrial DNA consisted of 13 protein-coding genes (PGCs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal (rRNA) genes, and 1 non-coding control region. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Y. eos was most closely related to its congener Y. modesta. This work provides molecular information for further research on species identification and evolutionary relationships

Analysis of the Relationship between Vegetation and Radar Interferometric Coherence

To effectively reduce the impact of vegetation cover on surface settlement monitoring, the relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and coherence coefficient was established. It provides a way to estimate coherence coefficient by NDVI. In the research, a new method is tried to make the time range coincident between NDVI results and coherence coefficient results. Using the coherence coefficient results and the NDVI results of each interference image pair in the study area, the mathematical relationship between NDVI and the coherent coefficient was established based on statistical analysis of the fitting results of the exponential model, logarithmic model, and linear model. Four indicators were selected to evaluate the fitting results, including root mean square error, determinant coefficient, prediction interval coverage probability, and prediction interval normalized average width. The fitting effect of the exponential model was better than that of the logarithmic model and linear model. The mean of error was −0.041 in study area ROI1 and −0.126 in study area ROI2.The standard deviation of error was 0.165 in study area ROI1 and 0.140 in study area ROI2. The fitting results are consistent with the coherence coefficient results. The research method used the NDVI results to estimate the InSAR coherence coefficient. This provides an easy and efficient way to indirectly evaluate the interferometric coherence and a basis in InSAR data processing. The results can provide pre-estimation of coherence information in Ningxia by optical images

Analysis of the Relationship between Vegetation and Radar Interferometric Coherence

To effectively reduce the impact of vegetation cover on surface settlement monitoring, the relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and coherence coefficient was established. It provides a way to estimate coherence coefficient by NDVI. In the research, a new method is tried to make the time range coincident between NDVI results and coherence coefficient results. Using the coherence coefficient results and the NDVI results of each interference image pair in the study area, the mathematical relationship between NDVI and the coherent coefficient was established based on statistical analysis of the fitting results of the exponential model, logarithmic model, and linear model. Four indicators were selected to evaluate the fitting results, including root mean square error, determinant coefficient, prediction interval coverage probability, and prediction interval normalized average width. The fitting effect of the exponential model was better than that of the logarithmic model and linear model. The mean of error was −0.041 in study area ROI1 and −0.126 in study area ROI2.The standard deviation of error was 0.165 in study area ROI1 and 0.140 in study area ROI2. The fitting results are consistent with the coherence coefficient results. The research method used the NDVI results to estimate the InSAR coherence coefficient. This provides an easy and efficient way to indirectly evaluate the interferometric coherence and a basis in InSAR data processing. The results can provide pre-estimation of coherence information in Ningxia by optical images

Anatomic mapping of molecular subtypes in diffuse glioma

Abstract Background Tumor location served as an important prognostic factor in glioma patients was considered to postulate molecular features according to cell origin theory. However, anatomic distribution of unique molecular subtypes was not widely investigated. The relationship between molecular phenotype and histological subgroup were also vague based on tumor location. Our group focuses on the study of glioma anatomic location of distinctive molecular subgroups and histology subtypes, and explores the possibility of their consistency based on clinical background. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 143 cases with both molecular information (IDH1/TERT/1p19q) and MRI images diagnosed as cerebral diffuse gliomas. The anatomic distribution was analyzed between distinctive molecular subgroups and its relationship with histological subtypes. The influence of tumor location, molecular stratification and histology diagnosis on survival outcome was investigated as well. Results Anatomic locations of cerebral diffuse glioma indicate varied clinical outcome. Based on that, it can be stratified into five principal molecular subgroups according to IDH1/TERT/1p19q status. Triple-positive (IDH1 and TERT mutation with 1p19q codeletion) glioma tended to be oligodendroglioma present with much better clinical outcome compared to TERT mutation only group who is glioblastoma inclined (median overall survival 39 months VS 18 months). Five molecular subgroups were demonstrated with distinctive locational distribution. This kind of anatomic feature is consistent with its corresponding histological subtypes. Discussion Each molecular subgroup in glioma has unique anatomic location which indicates distinctive clinical outcome. Molecular diagnosis can be served as perfect complementary tool for the precise diagnosis. Integration of histomolecular diagnosis will be much more helpful in routine clinical practice in the future

Comparison of Two Types of Survey Designs for Acoustic Estimates of Fish Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Pre-planning for a rational survey design is essential to improve the reliability and efficiency of the acoustic assessment of fishery resources in large water bodies. In this study, we compared the differences in acoustic estimates of fish resources between triangular and parallel transect designs in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China), aiming to provide a reference for fishery acoustic survey planning in such canyon-shaped reservoirs. We conducted hydroacoustic surveys using an echosounder (SIMRAD EY60, 120 kHz) in the Yangtze mainstream near the dam and an adjacent tributary with triangular and parallel designs. The independent samples t-test showed that the acoustic estimates of fish density were not significantly different between these two types of survey designs for both mainstream and tributary. The Fisher’s exact test indicated that there was no significant difference in fish size distributions, as measured by target strength (TS), between survey designs either. In view of reducing time spent in nearshore areas to improve efficiency and ensure safety, we recommend that the triangular design with reliable coverage be given priority for hydroacoustic sampling in the TGR and similar canyon-shaped reservoirs, especially when sampling at night