ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM IN MICROGRIDS

The modern heuristic techniques mainly include the application of the artificial intelligence approaches such as genetic algorithm, particle swarmoptimization algorithm, ant colony optimization, stochastic diffusion search, differential evolution, etc. The main aspect of these techniques is theirflexibility for solving the optimization problems that have different mathematical constraints. In a power system area, the competition between theelectric utilities is gradually increased due to the deregulation of the electrical markets. For this reason, the generation expansion problem presentsitself as an important issue that needs to be considered in order to achieve reasonable economic decisions.Keywords: Genetic algorithm, Particle swarm optimization, Artificial intelligence

Functional Outcome Analysis of bicolumn plating in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of tibial plateau involve the articular surface of proximal tibia. The injuries span a wide spectrum, ranging from low energy unicondylar fractures to high energy bicondylar and comminuted fractures. The surrounding soft tissues are severely damaged in high energy injuries and this complicates management of these challenging lower limb fractures. The treatment of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures still remains a highly demanding surgical procedure with a wide variety of perioperative complications. The goal of treatment of high energy tibial plateau fractures are to restore joint line congruity, joint stability and alignment with minimal soft tissue dissection to allow for early mobilization and establishment of good function. AIM: The aim of our study is to analyze prospectively the functional outcomes of Schatzker type V and type VI tibial plateau fractures treated by dual incision bicolumn plating at the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai between May 2010 and November 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study was a prospective study, conducted at the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai between May 2010 and November 2012. Inclusion Criteria: • Age > 18 years, • Schatzker type V and VI tibial plateau fractures, • Closed fractures, • Grade I and II compound fractures, Exclusion Criteria: • Age 4 weeks old), • Extensive soft tissue injury with healing period more than 3 weeks. RESULTS: 20 patients sustained injury as a result of road traffic accident, whereas one patient alone sustained train traffic accident. Functional analysis was done using Knee Society Score, which is a clinical scoring system filled by the surgeon. Lateral locking compression plate was used in 11 patients and lateral buttress plates were used in 10 patients. All patients also had medial plating – buttress plates in two patients and reconstruction plates in all other patients. Due to incomparable group numbers, medial column implant was not analysed separately in our study. Of the 11 patients, eight had excellent score, two had good score and one had fair scoring according to Knee Society Score. The average score was 83.63. CONCLUSION: From our study, we conclude that ;Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures have an excellent to good functional outcome with dual incision bicolumn plating with very minimal wound complications. •Early joint mobilisation is possible with this technique and this contributes to better final knee range of motion •Posteromedial plating provides buttressing against late varus collapse in patients with posteromedial fracture pattern. •Anatomical joint reduction and internal fixation provides the best outcome in patients with good soft tissue status, and this should not be deferred for fear of wound complications in cases with closed injuries with healthy soft tissue cover. •There is no significant difference in functional outcome between use of locking plate or buttress plate in lateral column for bicondylar fractures when medial plating has been done. This observation will have to be validated with longer follow up

Efficacy of Pluronic F-127 gel containing green tea catechin extract on chronic periodontitis – A clinical study

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of pluronic F-127 gel containing green tea catechin extract as a local drug delivery system in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Methods: A total of 20 chronic periodontitis patients participated as per the set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Complete scaling and root planing (SRP) was done for all subjects and pluronic F-127 gel containing green tea catechin was applied on one site. The contralateral site received SRP alone. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing pocket depth (PPD) were recorded at baseline and on the 28th day. Results: At the 28th-day follow-up, green tea catechin tooth sites showed significantly lower mean scores (GI = 0.55, p = 0.30 and PPD = 3.35 mm) than the corresponding SRP tooth sites (GI = 1.25, PI = 1.15, and PPD = 4.40 mm) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: When compared to scaling and root planing alone, the local drug delivery gel containing green tea catechin as an adjuvant was more effective in reducing the clinical parameters of periodontitis. Keywords: Adjuvant therapy, Camellia sinensis, Local drug delivery, Periodontal pocke

A Combined Scheme Based on Artificial Immune System for Selective Forwarding Attack Detection in Event Driven Wireless Sensor Networks

In general, the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be easily targeted by attacks due to their open nature. Among these attacks, the selective forwarding attack is particularly challenging to detect within WSNs. In this type of attack, malicious nodes deliberately discard received data packets, making it difficult to identify such attacks. Existing methods for selective forwarding attacks often suffer from low accuracy or high algorithm complexity, when dealing with Distributed Denial of Service attacks (DDoS). We propose an artificial immune system based on the danger model to detect network attacks. Our approach combines variational mode decomposition (VMD) and LSTM to identify selective forwarding attacks among other DoS attacks. We determine an optimal danger threshold and compare the outcomes to confirm the presence of attacks. This approach improves detection accuracy while minimizing computation requirements. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves a low missing detection rate (MDR) of 0.6% and maintains a false detection rate (FDR) below 3.3%. Furthermore, in comparison with previous works, our system produces low algorithm complexity, making it more efficient in practical implementations

Thermoreversible gel for intrapocket delivery of green tea catechin as a local drug delivery system: An original research

The periodontal therapies along with systemic antibiotic therapy aim at eliminating the subgingival microbiota to arrest the progression of periodontal diseases. The complete elimination is often difficult, and thus the probability of repopulation after periodontal therapy is also high. The objectives of the study are to develop in situ thermoreversible gelling system of green tea catechins suitable for periodontal pocket administration, which would act as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy. Gel is prepared on a weight basis using a cold process. In vitro drug release pattern is observed through spectrophotometer analysis at 277 nm. The gel is subjected to serial dilution analysis to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion analysis to determine the in vitro antibacterial effectiveness. Release pattern studies showed a complete release of drug from gel occurred by 36 h. A volume of 1.25 mg/ml was determined as MIC required against the periodontal pathogens. Disc diffusion analysis showed a 14 mm zone of inhibition is present around the 75 µl well for all the four species and 12 mm zone of inhibition around the 50 µl well. The advantage of F-127 is its thermoreversible nature that used for in situ gel formulation. Pluronic gel proved to be a promising carrier for prolong and effective release of green tea catechin

A Systematic Review of Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Transportation

Green electricity and green transportation are the primary requirements for smart cities. Maximizing EV utilization is the key requirement in the development of green transportation. However, EV technology faces challenges due to the long battery recharging time and heavy batteries to achieve extended driving ranges. Different approaches are investigated to charge the EV by battery swapping, plugin, or wireless. Recently the wireless charging approach is gaining popularity because of safety, extended driving range, dynamic charging, and human intervention-free recharging. However, multiple factors need to be considered in the design of the WPT system and require expertise in different domains. This paper discusses a systematic approach on the various parameters involved in a dynamic wireless charging system design. The major functional units in WPT such as charging couplers, compensation network, and power inverters topologies are addressed. Additionally, this paper discusses the issues involved in grid-tied and renewable integrated dynamic charging systems. Moreover, the step-by-step procedure is described to understand the process involved in the dynamic charging system design. Finally, various case studies at different power levels are presented to get more insights into practical design

Development of Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 Substrate-Based MIMO Antenna Array for Automotive Radar Applications

In this paper, a novel 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array with four patch elements is designed. The proposed antenna is the first dual band, operating at two prominent working frequencies: 24 (24.286-25.111) GHz and 77 GHz (75.348–79.688), of automotive radars. This structure is composed of two antenna modules colocated on a single substrate, whereas each module is made up of a corporate fed planar array of two elements. This attractive feature enables us to utilize the antenna in two different ways; either both modules serve as the transmitting/receiving antenna of a monostatic radar or one module serves as a transmitter and the other one as the receiver of a bistatic radar. Most of the existing autonomous radar applications operating at 24 GHz are going to become obsolete, and all countries have plans of shifting towards the 77 GHz band. Hence, our design is very attractive as it operates with the required performance in both the bands with another added feature of the MIMO structure. The placement of antenna elements is also optimized in terms of inter- and intraelement separation of greater than λ/2 so as to ensure high diversity gain of 9.6 dBi. Moreover, the proposed antenna structure with only two antenna elements is able to achieve a high gain of around 11.8 dBi and 11.3 dBi at the dual operating modes of 24 GHz and 77 GHz, respectively. In addition to the above-mentioned benefits, this design also addresses mutual coupling reduction that is a common problem in MIMO structures by using complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structures. State-of-the-art comparison with the recent literature shows that the proposed antenna has less number of antenna elements, an adequate gain, an excellent VSWR value, and high isolation