Laysan_albatross_no1

time series of latitude and longitud

Laysan_albatross_no2

time series of latitude and longitud

Facilitated Leaching of Additive-Derived PBDEs from Plastic by Seabirds’ Stomach Oil and Accumulation in Tissues

Our previous study suggested the transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants from ingested plastics to seabirds’ tissues. To understand how the PBDEs are transferred, we studied leaching from plastics into digestive fluids. We hypothesized that stomach oil, which is present in the digestive tract of birds in the order Procellariiformes, acts as an organic solvent, facilitating the leaching of hydrophobic chemicals. Pieces of plastic compounded with deca-BDE were soaked in several leaching solutions. Trace amounts were leached into distilled water, seawater, and acidic pepsin solution. In contrast, over 20 times as much material was leached into stomach oil, and over 50 times as much into fish oil (a major component of stomach oil). Analysis of abdominal adipose, liver tissue, and ingested plastics from 18 wild seabirds collected from the North Pacific Ocean showed the occurrence of deca-BDE or hexa-BDEs in both the tissues and the ingested plastics in three of the birds, suggesting transfer from the plastic to the tissues. In birds with BDE209 in their tissues, the dominance of BDE207 over other nona-BDE isomers suggested biological debromination at the meta position. Model calculation of PBDE exposure to birds based on the results of the leaching experiments combined with field observations suggested the dominance of plastic-mediated internal exposure to BDE209 over exposure via prey

Appendix B. Comparisons of four different modeling techniques.

Comparisons of four different modeling techniques

Parameter estimates used in the bio-energetics model for adult birds.

<p>See text and Appendix S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for metabolic relationships.</p

Influence of prey patch dispersion and density on energy expenditure for guillemots and razorbills.

<p>Simulations of proportional daily time budgets and daily energy expenditure (DEE) for guillemots (A, B) and razorbills (C, D) where: (1) prey becomes more patchily distributed requiring more flight time between patches and more foraging time to meet energetic needs (A, C); and (2) prey decreases in density within patches, requiring more foraging time, but distribution is unchanged (B, D). Asterisks indicate the proportion of time activity budget which is the mean across all recoded activity budgets of birds of each species, respectively (see Appendix S4 and S5 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>).</p

(A) Mean prey species by frequency, energetic proportion, and size [31] for adults used in the bio-energetics model, and (B) prey species by frequency, energetic proportion for chicks used in the bio-energetics model.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone-0079915-t002" target="_blank">Table 2A:</a> A division of 60 mm was chosen for 0-group sandeel and 1+ group sandeel based on fish collected from flight-netting puffins <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915-Wanless1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. Proportions for guillemots are expressed as means across years of data collection – see Appendix S3 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for full data.</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone-0079915-t002" target="_blank">Table 2B:</a> See Appendix S1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for more information on decisions used on raw data from all-day watches to estimate prey proportions for chicks.</p>a<p>Based on regurgitated samples from the Isle of May 2003 - 2007 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915-Wilson3" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p>b<p>Using the same 0-group prey size as guillemots.</p>c<p>Mean length value converted to energy <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915-Wilson3" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p>d<p>Information on the size of prey items deleivered to chicks are presented in Appendix S1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>.</p

Sensitivity analysis of parameters used in Monte Carlo simulation, shown here for prey per dive.

<p>The three highest CV values and hence the variables giving most influence in calculation of prey capture rates, are highlighted in bold for both species.</p

Prey capture rates from the bio-energetics model from 10,000 MC simulations assessed under a standard diet for both species (prey sizes, prey proportions).

<p>Prey capture rates from the bio-energetics model from 10,000 MC simulations assessed under a standard diet for both species (prey sizes, prey proportions).</p

Rhinoceros Auklet Feather CORT, Diet and Dive Data

The data contained in this package were collected in 2012 and 2013 on St. Lazaria Island and Middleton Island in Alaska and on Teuri Island in Japan. These data describe how rhinoceros auklet chick diets change between and within years, and how those changes affect adult behavior, fledging nutritional status, and whether adults carry signals of the breeding season into the post-reproductive season. Data sets include the results of assays of feathers for the avian stress hormone corticosterone