Harmonic analysis of time series NDVI using NOAA/AVHRR data

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科2005 International Symposium on Environmental Mornitoring in East Asia -Remote Sensing and Forests-,Hosted The EMEA Project, Kanazawa University 21st=Century COE Program -Environmental Monitoring and Predicition of Long- and Short- Term Dynamics of Pan-Japan Sea Area- ,予稿集, EMEA 2005 in Kanazawa, 国際学術研究公開シンポジウム『東アジアの環境モニタリング』－リモートセンシングと森林－,年月日：200511月28日～29日, 場所：KKRホテル金沢, 金沢大学自然科学研究科, 主催：金沢大学EMEAプロジェクト, 共催：金沢大学21世紀COEプログラム「環日本海域の環境変動と長期・短期変動予測

6.EMEA International Symposium in Kanazawa, Japan

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科Project Number 14404021, Peport of Research Project ; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B)(2), from April 2002 to March 2006, Edited by Muramoto,Ken-ichiroKamata, NaotoKawanishi, TakuyaKubo, MamoruLiu, JiyuanLee, Kyu-Sung , 人工衛星データ活用のための東アジアの植生調査、課題番号14404021, 平成14年度～平成17年度科学研究費補助金, 基盤研究（B)(2)研究成果報告書, 研究代表者：村本, 健一郎, 金沢大学自然科学研究科教

エネルギー サクモツ エリアンサス ノ グンラク コウゾウ ノ カイセキ ─テイショク 1・2ネンメ グンラク ノ サイサン コウゾウズ ノ ヒカク─

石油枯渇対策や地球温暖化対策として再生可能エネルギーが注目されているが，著者らのグループは，食料と競合しないセルロース系原料作物として，イネ科のC4型・多年生植物であるエリアンサス（Erianthus spp.）を取り上げ，栽培研究を進めている。エリアンサスは高いバイオマス生産性を発揮することが知られているが，物質生産を支えている群落構造の解析はほとんど行われていない。そこで本研究では，定植1年目および2年目の群落について出穂期における群落構造を比較検討した。定植2年目の群落では，1年目に比較して地上部バイオマス量が4倍ほどに増加していた。地上部バイオマス量を光合成器官（葉身）と非光合成器官（葉鞘・茎・穂）とに分けると，両者とも大きく増えていたが，とくに後者の増加が著しかった。これは，定植2年目の群落は1年目の刈り株から再生したものであり，再生を開始する時点ですでに多くの分げつ芽が形成されており，生育初期に急激に茎数を増やすことができたため，茎が長く，太くなるための生育期間が十分に確保できたからと考えられる。また，出穂期における層別刈取り法で葉重の垂直分布を調査した結果や，プラントキャノピーアナライザーを利用して葉面積の垂直分布の形成過程を調査した結果によれば，群落構造は生育とともに変化し，光合成器官の垂直分布は定植2年目に群落の高い方へ移動した。そのため，群落内の比較的高いところで相対照度が減衰してしまい，群落内部まで光が到達していなかった。このように，定植2年目は1年目よりバイオマス量が著しく増えていたが，群落構造と相対照度の減衰の様相からみると，群落としての受光態勢は必ずしも最適かどうかは分からない。間引きをして群落の光環境を改善すれば，さらに収量が上がる可能性が高い。エリアンサスは多年生作物であるため，栽植密度の影響も含めてさらに追跡していく必要があるが，本研究の結果を低投入持続的な栽培方法の確立に役立てたいと考えている。Erianthus, a perennial C4 grass, has been the focus of attention as cellulosic raw material for bioethanol, because it shows high yield performance and high tolerance to environmental stresses. Canopy structure of Erianthus, however, has rarely been studied, though it has a possible relation to high yield potential. We examined canopy structure of one- and two-year Erianthus populations at different growth stages using Plant Canopy Analyzer. The result of our investigation is that two-year plant population showed much higher yield comparing with one-year population. At the same time, canopy structure of two populations at heading was different from each other. Biomass of nonphotosynthetic organs was much higher in the two-year population, while its distribution pattern was not different from that in the one-year population. Because mean stem number of each plant is not different between one- and two-year populations, stem in two-year population should be larger, which could contribute to much higher yield performance. Biomass of photosynthetic organs (leaf blade) in the two-year population was larger than that in the one-year. At the same time, vertical distribution of leaf blade biomass has the peak at the higher position in the two-year population. Such canopy structure leads to rapid decrease of intercepted radiation, which suggests light condition in the canopy was not always best for the two-year population. There is a possibility, therefore, that biomass yield of population will be higher with thinning to a lower planting density. The present study figured out canopy structure of Erinthus population with different planting year which was effective information to enable the construction of low-input and sustainable cultivation system

Mutation Spectrum Induced by 8-Bromoguanine, a Base Damaged by Reactive Brominating Species, in Human Cells

To date, the types of mutations caused by 8-bromoguanine (8BrG), a major base lesion induced by reactive brominating species during inflammation, in human cells and the 8BrG repair system remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a supF forward mutation assay using a shuttle vector plasmid containing a single 8BrG in three kinds of human cell lines and revealed that 8BrG in DNA predominantly induces a G → T mutation but can also induce G → C, G → A, and delG mutations in human cells. Next, we tested whether eight kinds of DNA glycosylases (MUTYH, MPG, NEIL1, OGG1, SMUG1, TDG, UNG2, and NTHL1) are capable of repairing 8BrG mispairs with any of the four bases using a DNA cleavage activity assay. We found that both the SMUG1 protein and the TDG protein exhibit DNA glycosylase activity against thymine mispaired with 8BrG and that the MUTYH protein exhibits DNA glycosylase activity against adenine mispaired with 8BrG. These results suggest that 8BrG induces some types of mutations, chiefly a G → T mutation, in human cells, and some DNA glycosylases are involved in the repair of 8BrG

Abnormal Expressions of DNA Glycosylase Genes NEIL1, NEIL2, and NEIL3 Are Associated with Somatic Mutation Loads in Human Cancer

The effects of abnormalities in the DNA glycosylases NEIL1, NEIL2, and NEIL3 on human cancer have not been fully elucidated. In this paper, we found that the median somatic total mutation loads and the median somatic single nucleotide mutation loads exhibited significant inverse correlations with the median NEIL1 and NEIL2 expression levels and a significant positive correlation with the median NEIL3 expression level using data for 13 cancer types from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A subset of the cancer types exhibited reduced NEIL1 and NEIL2 expressions and elevated NEIL3 expression, and such abnormal expressions of NEIL1, NEIL2, and NEIL3 were also significantly associated with the mutation loads in cancer. As a mechanism underlying the reduced expression of NEIL1 in cancer, the epigenetic silencing of NEIL1 through promoter hypermethylation was found. Finally, we investigated the reason why an elevated NEIL3 expression level was associated with an increased number of somatic mutations in cancer and found that NEIL3 expression was positively correlated with the expression of APOBEC3B, a potent inducer of mutations, in diverse cancers. These results suggested that the abnormal expressions of NEIL1, NEIL2, and NEIL3 are involved in cancer through their association with the somatic mutation load

Bandgap Science for Organic Solar Cells

The concept of bandgap science of organic semiconductor films for use in photovoltaic cells, namely, high-purification, pn-control by doping, and design of the built-in potential based on precisely-evaluated doping parameters, is summarized. The principle characteristics of organic solar cells, namely, the exciton, donor (D)/acceptor (A) sensitization, and p-i-n cells containing co-deposited and D/A molecular blended i-interlayers, are explained. ‘Seven-nines’ (7N) purification, together with phase-separation/cystallization induced by co-evaporant 3rd molecules allowed us to fabricate 5.3% efficient cells based on 1 µm-thick fullerene:phthalocyanine (C60:H2Pc) co-deposited films. pn-control techniques enabled by impurity doping for both single and co-deposited films were established. The carrier concentrations created by doping were determined by the Kelvin band mapping technique. The relatively high ionization efficiency of 10% for doped organic semiconductors can be explained by the formation of charge transfer (CT)-complexes between the dopants and the organic semiconductor molecules. A series of fundamental junctions, such as Schottky junctions, pn-homojunctions, p+, n+-organic/metal ohmic junctions, and n+-organic/ p+-organic ohmic homojunctions, were fabricated in both single and co-deposited organic semiconductor films by impurity doping alone. A tandem cell showing 2.4% efficiency was fabricated in which the built-in electric field was designed by manipulating the doping