Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Ester: Transesterification and Evaluation of Corrosion Rates of Aluminium Exposed to Blended Biodiesel and Automotive Gas Oil

This study investigated the corrosion of aluminum exposed to biodiesel produced from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) blends. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with three level-three factor central composite design was used in investigating the effects of transesterification variables such as reaction time, catalyst amount and oil/methanol molar ratio on the yield of waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). Reaction time between 40 - 80 min., catalyst amount of 0.5 - 1.5% wt. and methanol to oil molar ratio of 4 - 8 were used in the transesterification experiment. Optimization of process variables was done using RSM. The fuel properties of biodiesel at optimum level in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, flash, pour and cloud points and sulphur content were obtained using standard method as described by ASTM. Blends of WCO biodiesel 0, 10, 20, 40 and 100% of AGO were designated as B0, B10, B20, B40 and B100 respectively. Corrosion characteristics of blends on aluminium (Al) were studied by static immersion test at room temperature. Mechanical properties of the Al were investigated before and after corrosion test. Changes in the morphology of coupons were also investigated. The optimization technique predicted WCOME yield of 97.1% at the optimal level of 78 minutes, 5.99, 1.1% wt. for the reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount respectively. The fuel properties at the optimal level were within the limits specified by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The ranges of corrosion rates obtained for the blends were 0-0.2830 mpy. The Brinell hardness ranged for the blends were 105.012, 109.177, 133.717, 155.393, 166.803 N/mm2 while the tensile strength for the blends were 371.20, 386.12, 484.62, 495.22 and 592.89 MPa for B0, B10, B15, B20, B40 and B100 respectively. As the percentage of biodiesel in the blends increased, crack and pits on the morphology of the coupons become pronounced. The blend B10 was detected to perform close to B0 with respect to the Brinell hardness and tensile strength.Â

MONETARY POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN NIGERIA

Achieving the 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Nigeria requires sustainable and inclusive economic growth. There is no consensus among economists on the effect of monetary policy on economic growth. The results of previous studies on the effect of monetary policy on economic growth in Nigeria are mixed. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of monetary policy on economic growth in order to ascertain if monetary policy can be used to achieve SDGs in Nigeria. The effect of monetary policy on economic growth in Nigeria from 1991 to 2020 was evaluated using ordinary least squares regression model. The findings indicated that there is long-run relationship between economic growth and money supply, treasury bill rate and domestic credit provided by banks in Nigeria. The money supply and domestic credit provided by banks had significant positive effect on economic growth; and short-term policy interest rate had significant negative effect on economic growth in Nigeria in line with economic theory. Monetary policy is a veritable tool that can be used to achieve SDGs in Nigeria. Economic growth will increase and SDGs will be achieved in Nigeria if money supply and domestic credit provided by banks are increased and short-term policy interest rate is reduced. Increasing economic growth touches on the objectives of monetary policy of the Central Bank of Nigeria and calls for radical and proactive monetary policy towards achieving SDGs.   Keywords: Monetary Policy, Economic Development, Ordinary Least Squares Model,Nigeria JEL Classification: C01, E52, O1

Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Ester: Transesterification and Evaluation of Corrosion Rates of Aluminium Exposed to Blended Biodiesel and Automotive Gas Oil

This study investigated the corrosion of aluminum exposed to biodiesel produced from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) blends. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with three level-three factor central composite design was used in investigating the effects of transesterification variables such as reaction time, catalyst amount and oil/methanol molar ratio on the yield of waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). Reaction time between 40 - 80 min., catalyst amount of 0.5 - 1.5% wt. and methanol to oil molar ratio of 4 - 8 were used in the transesterification experiment. Optimization of process variables was done using RSM. The fuel properties of biodiesel at optimum level in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, flash, pour and cloud points and sulphur content were obtained using standard method as described by ASTM. Blends of WCO biodiesel 0, 10, 20, 40 and 100% of AGO were designated as B0, B10, B20, B40 and B100 respectively. Corrosion characteristics of blends on aluminium (Al) were studied by static immersion test at room temperature. Mechanical properties of the Al were investigated before and after corrosion test. Changes in the morphology of coupons were also investigated. The optimization technique predicted WCOME yield of 97.1% at the optimal level of 78 minutes, 5.99, 1.1% wt. for the reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount respectively. The fuel properties at the optimal level were within the limits specified by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The ranges of corrosion rates obtained for the blends were 0-0.2830 mpy. The Brinell hardness ranged for the blends were 105.012, 109.177, 133.717, 155.393, 166.803 N/mm2 while the tensile strength for the blends were 371.20, 386.12, 484.62, 495.22 and 592.89 MPa for B0, B10, B15, B20, B40 and B100 respectively. As the percentage of biodiesel in the blends increased, crack and pits on the morphology of the coupons become pronounced. The blend B10 was detected to perform close to B0 with respect to the Brinell hardness and tensile strength.

Program CSR Berbasis Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Menuju Kemandirian Ekonomi Pasca Tambang di Desa Sarijaya

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), is the company's commitment to contribute to sustainable economic development by taking into account the social aspects and the environment. PT Pertamina EP as one of the major industrial companies operating Internationally and has a fundamental problem in the implementation of their CSR, namely how the planning and implementation of the CSR program, as well as through any indicator PT Pertamina EP is able to apply a good CSR refers to the MDGs documents, regulations regulations and ISO 26000. this study aimed to measure the effi ciency of the implementation as well as the response and participation in the implementation of CSR programs conducted

Base Flow Index of Way Seputih River at Buyut Udik

One of river flow components considered in watershed management is baseflow, the main contributor to the river flow during dry season. Ratio between baseflow to total flow is called Base Flow Index (BFI). In fact, BFI can be used as an indicator how good the catchment hydrology is. The purpose of this study is to analyze BFI of Way Seputih river at Buyut Udik Hydrometry Station. The method includes Recursive Digital Filter (RDF) method, which utilizes constant recession of hydrographs in displaying the ratio of baseflow from continuous discharge during periods when there is no direct runoff. Daily discharge data from Way Seputih river at Buyut Udik recorded from 1973 to 2006 is used. The result shows that yearly BFI values range from 0.142 to 0.487 and there is a decrease trend of yearly BFI over time. This result is confirmed by yearly average discharges which tend to decrease over time. These are affected by land cover degradation in Way Seputih catchment and this should be a concern for authorities to improve land and water conservation in Way Seputih catchment so that river flow could be maintained throughout the yea

One-Dimensional Dispersive Magnon Excitation in the Frustrated Spin-2 Chain System Ca3Co2O6

Using inelastic neutron scattering, we have observed a quasi-one-dimensional dispersive magnetic excitation in the frustrated triangular-lattice spin-2 chain oxide Ca3Co2O6. At the lowest temperature (T = 1.5 K), this magnon is characterized by a large zone-center spin gap of ~27 meV, which we attribute to the large single-ion anisotropy, and disperses along the chain direction with a bandwidth of ~3.5 meV. In the directions orthogonal to the chains, no measurable dispersion was found. With increasing temperature, the magnon dispersion shifts towards lower energies, yet persists up to at least 150 K, indicating that the ferromagnetic intrachain correlations survive up to 6 times higher temperatures than the long-range interchain antiferromagnetic order. The magnon dispersion can be well described within the predictions of linear spin-wave theory for a system of weakly coupled ferromagnetic chains with large single-ion anisotropy, enabling the direct quantitative determination of the magnetic exchange and anisotropy parameters.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures including one animatio

Peranan Koperasi Sebagai Penyedia Kebutuhan Nelayan Di Kabupaten Barru

This research aims to study the cooperative roles as fisherman's need provider (a Case study at Budi Bahari Cooperative, Barru Regency). The major Problem that was interesting to discuss was how the cooperative roles as fisherman's need to fulfill specifically as a capital, equipment and daily needs provider, and to affect the consumer purchase decision at Budi Bahari Cooperative. This study used a case study to assess the Budi Bahari Cooperative performance related to fishermen's catch and daily life. Purposive sampling method was used with respondents from Budi Bahari's Cooperative staffs and five fisherman groups (25 people). Data were collected through direct interview for all respondents and were analyzed using chi square method. Results showed that Budi Bahari Cooperative gave sizeable role by loan capital, supply equipment and daily needs of cooperative's members who work as a fisherman. Hence, the purchase decision was not influenced by the price, and but it was affected by product type, and goods distributio