Fabrication Of Submicron HEMT Mushroom Gate Structure Using Electron Beam Lithography And Its Characterization

Dalam kajian ini, struktur get HEMT dengan gatelength bersaiz 200 nm dan berprofil cendawan telah direkabentuk, difabrikasi dan dicirikan. In this research study, 200 nm gatelength HEMT gate structures with mushroom-shaped profile have been designed, fabricated and characterized

Design Of Navigation Algorithm For F_Bot For Patrolling Using Fuzzy Logic

The main objective of this project is to build a mobile robot that would be able to navigate from one position to the other assigned position. It is also able to determine the shortest path towards the goal position without hitting any obstacle along the path. This mobile robot uses the Fuzzy Logic controller to navigate the robot in varying environments to a specified position. The implementation has been carried out using inexpensive components and tools. As the mobile robot is using the fuzzy logic controller to control its movement, it is named as F_Bot The F_Bot has two front wheels navigated by two servo motors 5V and a free castor wheel is placed at front. The robot will be moving towards the specified goal position determined by the user by using the dead reckoning method. The data acquisition is done by the PIC microcontroller from various sensors including ultrasonic range detector sensor, infrared sensor and encoder. The data will be sent to the computer using serial data transmission method. The data will be processed by the computer using Matlab and Fuzzy Logic to get the correct angle and the acceleration for the robot. This data will be sent back to the PIC microcontroller to control the motors for navigation purposes. The servo motors are easily controlled by feed-in pulses directly from the PIC microcontroller. The PIC microcontroller 16F877 can perform a large number of applications especially for control and sensing applications. In addition, MATLAB is a standard and cost- effective tool within the engineering community for scientific applications. The Fuzzy Logic is used here to predict the direction of movement and the speed for the robot. Since the input data for predicting the direction and speed is too large, the fuzzy logic is used for fast prediction

Production of biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers by indigenous bacteria isolated from petroleum sludge and their association with total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation

Microbial biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers are amphiphilic, surface-active compounds produced during biodegradation, increasing the bioavailability of organic pollutants such as hydrocarbons. Both are known to be produced by bacteria to facilitate the process of hydrocarbon degradation and at the same time enhancing oil recovery in petroleum industry. Therefore, the existence of indigenous microorganisms that have the ability to consume petroleum hydrocarbon as carbon source and simultaneously produce biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers in order to facilitate hydrocarbon metabolism can be manipulated for bioremediation purposes. This study aimed to determine the association between the ability of indigenous bacteria isolated from petroleum sludge to produce biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers with their ability to degrade total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Preliminary screenings of biosurfactant (i.e surface tension measurement) and bioemulsifier activity (i.e emulsification assay) from the total number of 26 isolates revealed some potential biosurfactant-producing bacteria (BSP) while some were potentially bioemulsifier-producing bacteria (BEP). Highest emulsification index (E24) exhibited by potential BEP (≈ 72.81 %) while for the rest of the isolates were between 64 to 68 %. Surface tension measurement revealed the biosurfactant activity of the isolates, which were as low as ≈ 18.92 mN/m for a potential BSP; while the rest were between the range of 45 to 28 mN/m. Two of these bacterial isolates (one potential BSP and one potential BEP) were further investigated for TPH biodegradation study using GC-MS. Assuming growth-linked biodegradation; growth curves of these bacterial isolates showed acclimation period for up to more than 72 hours of incubation; whereby no evident disappearance of TPH had been detected. However, after six days, rate of TPH loss became rapid; whereby biodegradation percentage of TPH was about (≈ 73 %). By the twelfth day of biodegradation study, the percentage of TPH loss was up to (≈ 85 %). In conclusion, both potential BSP and BEP were potent hydrocarbon biodegraders and that both biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers were unique microbial products showing advantageous features in hydrocarbon biodegradation. Both bioemulsifiers and biosurfactants could be extracted and purified from bacteria as both molecules have great potential for application in green technology

The quantification of urban litter load at gross pollutant trap along Sungai Batu, Selangor

The massive amount of urban litter in Malaysia is influenced by rapid population growth, development, economic growth and unsustainable lifestyles. Few studies have assessed the amount of urban litter load and its composition at gross pollutant trap (GPT), significantly contributing to lack of historical data. This study is aimed to assess the amount of urban litter load in wet basis condition at individual GPTs along Sungai Batu, Selangor in 2015. The urban litter collection data at each GPT in 2015 were sourced from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Samples were manually collected once a month, stored in plastic bag and immediately weighed and recorded by following the ASCE standard method. The result shows that the total amount of urban litter load in 2015 was 3761.72 kg/year (Mean ± SD; 313.4767 ± 141.9105 kg/year). In such situations, further study on urban litter load and its composition trapped at GPTs is urgently required as it is crucial to establish baseline data information during the decision making process, holistically improving stormwater management and urban litter management in Malaysia

Experimental realization of multi-service RoF system using OCS-PolMux techniques

Optical Carrier Suppression has been proven as an efficient way of generating high frequency optical carrier for Radio over Fiber (RoF) systems. However, previous studies show that OCS with the combination of RF and optical components can only transmit a single service in RoF system. This paper shows that two different services can be transmitted using a single wavelength through RoF system with the use of Polarization Multiplexing (PolMux) method. The combination of these two techniques enables multiservice RoF such as LTE and WiFi services to be transmitted simultaneously to the customers

Estimation of aerosol dispersion & urban air quality evaluation over Malaysia using MODIS satellite

Natural and anthropogenic aerosols varied extremely within space and time and affect the global radiation balance, and influence climatic changes. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate and characterize the dispersion of aerosols in the tropical region of Peninsular Malaysia using MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) measurements. The MODIS sensors on board the Terra satellite which enables remote sensing of aerosols at high special resolution and daily global coverage of data. This paper demonstrates the capability of MODIS to show the distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over the study area. Spectral characterizers of AOT measured over Peninsular Malaysia for the period 2005 – 2007 are analyzed to understand the variability of the AOT in different seasons and location. The result showed low values on wet season and high values during the dry season for case some days. For the Correlations of the MODIS-AOT with the ground-based particulate matter indicates the spread of the aerosols all over Kuala Lumpur. The regression analyses of the MODIS-AOT and PM2.5 concentration is strongly correlated (correlation coefficient R = 0.75).From the findings of this study we illustrate the strong potentiality of satellite remote sensing in regional ambient air quality monitoring as an extension to ground measurements. With the continual advancement of remote sensing technology and global data assimilation systems, AOT measurements derived from satellite remote sensors may provide a cost effective approach as a supplementary source of information for determining ground-level particle concentration

Financial Literacy among Working Women: A Study on University Staff in Kedah

The involvement of women in the employment sector has helped boost the Malaysian economy. Therefore, it is imperative for our economy to consider the fact that where and how women work to spend or invest their funds. In this case, for the proper use of funds, working women need to be financially literate. This study to determine the relationship between the factors towards financial literacy among working women and to investigate the risk of financial literacy among working women. Sample data were gathered using self-administered questionnaire among working women in government university in Kedah and later analyzed using statistical software namely, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0 and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) version 25.0. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) together with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was used both to access the model fit and identify the significant direct influence financial literacy among working women. As a result, five factors that influence financial management have been highlighted which are financial attitude, financial knowledge, financial education, financial behavior and financial literacy. The result indicates that only financial attitudes significant towards financial literacy among working women as supported by the previous study. However, other factors are also important in assessing the level of financial literacy of an individual because each of these factors plays a role in ensuring an individual's financial management and avoid yourself from financial ris

Identification of Factors and Risk Assessments on Financial Literacy: A Case Study on Home Purchases

Owning a house is among the significant aspects of a productive lifestyle. However, the persistent rise in house prices has affected homeownership for low-income young adults. Due to the poor financial literacy among employed young adults in Malaysia, it is more difficult for them to own a home due to financial constraints. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the factors contributing to financial literacy and the potential risk associated with its absence among working young adults. The methodologies used in this study were the factor analysis approach and decision tree analysis. Note that this study investigates financial literacy among young adults. A questionnaire was utilized for gathering the data, and a convenient sampling technique was adopted for data collection. According to the findings, four variables influence financial literacy among working youths: financial knowledge, financial behavior, financial education, and financial attitude. Consequently, the factors listed in exploratory data analysis in these four variables have been summarized to examine the perceived risk of financial literacy among adolescents in terms of purchasing a home. Finally, this study contributes as a guideline for policymakers in offering structured awareness programmes to improve financial literacy as well as homeownership knowledge among working youths for their future financial resilience