Sideropenia sem anemia em doadores de sangue do Hemocentro do Amazonas - Hemoam Sideropenia without anemia in blood donors of the Amazon Blood Bank - Hemoam

Uma doaç��o de aproximadamente 475mL de sangue depleta em média 242 &plusmn; 17 mg de ferro do doador, o que pode ter conseqüências variáveis em suas reservas e na sua saúde. Tivemos por objetivo avaliar se doadores de sangue do Hemocentro do Amazonas - Hemoam desenvolvem sideropenia sem anemia após doações consecutivas. A ferritina sérica foi medida em 528 doadores de sangue, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 a 61 anos, divididos em 313 doadores de repetição, com 4 ou mais doações regulares, e 215 primodoadores, que compareceram ao Hemocentro do Amazonas no período de setembro de 2001 a junho de 2002. Depleção do depósito de ferro, definida por níveis de ferritina menores de 20 ng/L, foi encontrada em 7,4% [16/215] dos primodoadores e em 48,6% [152/313] dos doadores de repetição. Utilizando-se de um critério mais rigoroso, como valores de ferritina < 12 ng/L, observou-se que 3,7% [8/215] dos primodoadores e 24,9% [78/313] dos doadores de repetição apresentavam depleção marcial severa. Concluímos que doadores de repetição, a partir da 5ª doação consecutiva, estão sob risco de depleção de reservas de ferro. Esses doadores devem ser monitorados, através da dosagem da ferritina sérica, sendo fundamental discutir um protocolo de reposição de ferro para esses doadores, evitando-se danos à saúde deles e a perda de qualidade do sangue doado.<br>A blood donation of 475 mL could deplete 242 &plusmn; 17 mg of iron from blood donors. The objective of this report is to evaluate if blood donors could develop sideropenia without anemia after several donations. Serum levels of ferritin were measured in 528 male blood donors, with ages ranging from 18 to 61 years old. A total of 313 of them had made 4 or more donations and 215 of them were first time donors. They donated blood in the Hemocentro do Amazonas - Hemoam, from September 2001 to June 2002. Deletion of iron stores characterized by serum ferritin levels of less than 20 ng/L was found in 7.4% (16/215) of first time donors, and in 48.6% (152/313) of multiple donors. With more stringent criteria of ferritin values less than 12 ng/L, 3.7% (8/215) of first-time donors as opposed to 24.9% (78/313) of multiple donors showed severe depletions. We concluded that multiple donors, after more than 5 repeated donations, are at risk of depleted iron and ferritin levels. It is important to implant protocols of iron supplementation for these donors to avoid damage to their health and consequent loss in quality and quantity in the collected blood

Association between the functional capacity of dependant elderly people and the burden of family caregivers

A investigação objetivou caracterizar os idosos dependentes e seus cuidadores familiares principais e verifi car a associação entre a capacidade funcional do idoso e a sobrecarga do cuidador. Estudo transversal com 112 idosos/cuidadores vinculados a uma unidade básica de Porto Alegre. Instrumento com variáveis socioeconômicas, relacionadas ao cuidado, escalas de Atividades Físicas e Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AFVDs e AIVDs) e Burden Interview foram aplicados. Utilizou-se teste de Correlação de Spearman. A média de idade dos idosos foi de 81,41 anos, o escore médio para as AFVDs foi 10,36 e 6,25 para AIVDs. Dos 112 idosos, 71,4% possuíam dependência grave. Dos cuidadores, 75% eram mulheres, 61,6%, fi lhos, com média de idade de 57,98 anos e de sobrecarga de 29,53, equivalente à sobrecarga moderada. Houve correlação signifi cativa entre a capacidade funcional dos idosos e a sobrecarga do cuidador. Verifi cou-se que, quanto maior a dependência do idoso, maior a sobrecarga do cuidador.La investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar las personas mayores dependientes y sus cuidadores principales de la familia y comprobar la asociación entre la capacidad funcional de las personas mayores y la carga de los cuidadores. Estudio transversal con 112 ancianos / cuidadores vinculados a una unidad básica de Porto Alegre. Aplicaron instrumentos relacionados a la atención y las variables socioeconómicas, las escalas de Actividades Físicas e Instrumentales de la Vida Diaria (AIVD y PADL) y la Burden Interview. Se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Spearman. La edad promedio de los ancianos fue 81,41 años, la puntuación promedio para PADL fue 10,36 y 6,25 para las AIVDs. De 112 ancianos, 71,4% tenía dependencia severa. Entre los cuidadores, 75% era mujeres, 61,6% niños con una edad promedio de 57,98 años y una carga promedio de 29,53 equivalente a carga moderada. Hubo una correlación signifi cativa entre capacidad funcional de las personas mayores y carga de los cuidadores. Se encontró que, la mayor es la dependencia de los ancianos, la mayor carga del cuidador.The aim of this study was to characterize dependent elderly people and their main family caregivers and the association between functional capacity of the elderly and the burden of caregivers. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 112 elderly people and caregivers connected to a primary care service in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The applied instruments related to care and socioeconomic variables were Physical and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (PADL and IADL) and the Burden Interview. The Spearman correlation coeffi cient was also used. Average age of the elderly individuals in this study was 81.41 years, while the average score for PADL was 10.36 and 6.25 for IADL. Of the 112 elderly individuals, 71.4% had severe dependence. Among caregivers, 75% were women, 61.6% were the sons or daughters with an average age of 57.98 and an average burden of 29.53, which is equivalent to moderate burden. Results revealed a signifi cant correlation between functional capacity of the elderly and caregiver burden. It was verifi ed that the higher the dependence of elderly people, the greater the burden of caregivers

Invited Review Article: Imaging techniques for harmonic and multiphoton absorption fluorescence microscopy

We review the current state of multiphoton microscopy. In particular, the requirements and limitations associated with high-speed multiphoton imaging are considered. A description of the different scanning technologies such as line scan, multifoci approaches, multidepth microscopy, and novel detection techniques is given. The main nonlinear optical contrast mechanisms employed in microscopy are reviewed, namely, multiphoton excitation fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation. Techniques for optimizing these nonlinear mechanisms through a careful measurement of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the focal volume are discussed, and a brief summary of photobleaching effects is provided. Finally, we consider three new applications of multiphoton microscopy: nonlinear imaging in microfluidics as applied to chemical analysis and the use of two-photon absorption and self-phase modulation as contrast mechanisms applied to imaging problems in the medical sciences