Effect of temperature on dissipation of [14C]-atrazine in a Brazilian soil

A dissipação do herbicida 14C-atrazina do solo foi estudada por extrações com solventes, cromatografia em camada delgada e técnicas radiométricas. Os resultados apresentados mostram que ela foi diretamente proporcional aos aumentos de temperatura. Quanto maior a temperatura, menos resíduos extraíveis e mais resíduos ligados foram detectados. Ao final dos períodos de incubação, os extratos de solo mantidos a 10ºC e a 20ºC continham atrazina mas também seu derivado hidroxi, e a 30ºC e 40ºC, mais hidroxiatrazina do que atrazina. A energia de ativação de Arrhenius calculada foi muito alta (96 kJ. mol-1), provando a predominância de reações químicas que favoreceram a hidrólise. Análises exploratórias dos resíduos ligados ao solo detectaram mais de 90% como hidroxiatrazina, em todas as amostras de diferentes temperaturas. Os resultados sugerem que em solo com as características do aqui estudado e a temperaturas maiores que 20ºC, a atrazina não seria um contaminante livre porque a degradação química resultaria somente no metabólito não fitotóxico hidroxiatrazina, ou como resíduo disponível ou como resíduo ligado.The soil dissipation of the herbicide 14C-atrazine was studied by solvent extraction, thin-layer chromatography and radiometric techniques. Results here presented show it was directly proportional to the temperature increases. As the temperature increased, less extractable and more bound residues were detected. At the end of the incubation period, soil extracts contained mainly atrazine but also its hydroxyderivative at 10ºC and 20ºC, and more hydroxyatrazine than atrazine at 30ºC and 40ºC. The calculated Arrhenius activation energy was very high (96 kJ. mol-1) proving the predominance of chemical reactions favouring the hydrolysis. Exploratory analysis of the soil bound residues detected more than 90% as hydroxyatrazine, in all different temperature samples. Results suggest that in a soil with the characteristics of the soil here studied and at temperatures higher than 20ºC, atrazine would not be a free contaminant because chemical degradation would result only in the non-phytotoxic hydroxyatrazine, either as available or as bound residues

TSUJI Kunio et Paris : Le Cours à l\u27Université Paris III <La littérature des ïnjas (anachorètes)>

TSUJI Kunio adorait Paris. Son premier séjour à Paris pour ses études s\u27est déroulé d\u27octobre 1957 à janvier 1961. Après ses multiples allers-retours, il a fini par poser un pied-à-terre pour sa femme et pour lui-même rue Descartes, où une plaque nous rappelle sa présence. Toutefois, pendant longtemps, il était visiteur et non résident. C\u27était en 1980 que la situation a changé ; il a fait des conférences sur l\u27introduction à la culture japonaise à l\u27Université Paris X. Il a ainsi commencé à dans la société française. Il a entrepris d\u27expliquer aux étudiants français avec leur langue rationnelle, le système culturel japonais irrationnel. Encouragé par cette expérience d\u27enseignement bien réussie, en 1984 il a donné de nouveau des cours de littérature japonaise à l\u27Université Paris III dans l\u27UFR japonais, ayant pour titre :. Il est fort possible qu\u27il avait déjà une conception, même très vague, de son roman Saïgyô Kaden（Les arcanes de Saïgyô）qu\u27il commencerait à rédiger en 1991. Depuis l\u27antiquité, les Japonais sont très sensibles à la nature et aux saisons. Leur sensibilité littéraire s\u27était développé sous forme de poésie lyrique. Saïgyô et Bashô (le dernier est parti en voyage pour suivre la trace du premier) sont, d\u27après TSUJI, deux poètes les plus représentatifs de cette sensibilité japonaise pour la nature et les saisons. Ils ont tous deux adopté le mode de vie d\u27. Dans cet article, nous avons reproduit son cours à l\u27Université Paris III à partir des notes bilingues franco-japonais (manuscrit autographe ou dactylographié) que conserve le Musée de l\u27Université Gakushuin

Visceral Fat Accumulation is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Increased Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression in Atherogenic Factor-overlapped Model Rats

Visceral fat accumulation in lifestyle-related diseases increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. We examined atherogenic factor-overlapped model rats to clarify the relationships among visceral fat, oxidative stress, and MMPs. We used four groups of male, 11-month-old, spontaneously hypertensive hyperlipidemic rats (SHHRs) or Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Animals were fed either a diet of high fat and 30% sucrose solution (HFDS) or a normal diet (ND) ad libitum for 6 months. The visceral fat weight increased by approximately three fold in SHHR-HFDS compared to SHHR-ND. The oxidative stress marker in plasma and MMP-9 mRNA expression in white blood cells increased in SHHR-HFDS compared to the other groups. A correlation was determined between oxidative stress and visceral fat or MMP-9 mRNA in all rats. Lipid deposition and immunostaining of CD68 and MMP-9 were observed mainly in the intima of aorta in SHHR-HFDS, while tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 mRNA expression decreased in both SHHR groups. The findings suggested that increased oxidative stress due to the visceral fat accumulation induced MMP-9 expression and macrophage accumulation in the intima of aorta in lifestyle-related disease model rats

環境配慮型生活における生活質感評価法の研究Ｉ : 生活モデル模索への覚書

The present thesis reports of the activities of a Team project“ Assessment Project for Criteria for Human Life Quality”， established by several members of the Department of Life Environmental Sciences. Preliminary research was mainly conducted in areas of consumer products use， housing facilities， as well as the cultivation of public opinion and attitudes towards low energy life. The high accumulation of systems and functions， the rational and rigid differentiations of tasks and areas， typical of city life， aggravate the alienation of the individual and accelerate the consumption rate of material and energy resource. Further research is necessary， therefore， to relocate the areas in which the needs for privacy and property can be reformulated to embrace a more organic and cyclic concept of life

Toxicity of agrochemicals mixture in aquatic environment: reflection on public health due to simultaneous exposition to herbicides atrazine and diuron

A avaliação da toxicidade de misturas de agrotóxicos é importante pois é cenário comum, principalmente no ambiente aquático, devido à utilização intensiva e simultânea dos compostos. Assim, foi desenvolvido estudo para comparar o efeito tóxico causado pelos herbicidas atrazina e diuron quando presentes individualmente e em mistura no ambiente aquático. Realizou-se teste de toxicidade aguda com alga Selenastrum capricornutum e com microcrustáceo Daphnia similis expondo-os à atrazina e diuron individualmente e à mistura dos dois compostos, utilizando os métodos da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, modificados. Após exposição individualizada aos compostos, o diuron (CE(1)50, 96h= 0,01 mg/L) mostrou-se 7 vezes mais tóxico para a alga do que a atrazina (CE(I)50, 96h= 0,07mglL). Para o microcrustáceo, diuron (CE(I)50, 48h= 1 ,49mg/L) foi cerca de 15 vezes mais tóxico do que atrazina (CE(I)50, 48h= 22,53mg/L). Nos ensaios onde os organismos estiveram expostos à mistura dos agrotóxicos, o efeito tóxico foi mais severo quando comparado às toxicidades individuais dos herbicidas estudados, para ambos os organismos. Dentre outros aspectos, concluiu-se que o diuron foi mais tóxico do que atrazina e que a toxicidade aguda dos compostos foi potencializada quando presentes simultaneamente, em mistura, para os organismos estudados, indicando que a toxicidade de misturas de agrotóxicos se constitui em área de pesquisa a ser explorada, inclusive porque não há consenso sobre como conduzir a avaliação de toxicidade de misturas.The evaluation of toxicity of agrochemicals mixture is important because it is a commom scenery, specially in the aquatic environment, due to intensive and simultaneous use of compounds. Study has been developed to compare the toxic effect caused by herbicides atrazine and diuron when individually present or as mixture in aquatic environment. Acute toxicity test has been carried out with algae Selenastrum capricornutum and microcrustacean Daphnia similis exposed to atrazine and diuron individually or as mixture, using methods of \"Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas\" (ABNT), modified. After individual exposition to the compounds, diuron (96h, EC(I)50= 0,01 mg/L) showed to be 7 times more toxic to algae than atrazine (96h, EC(I)50= 0,07mg/L). To the microcrustacean, diuron (48h, EC(I)50= 1,49mg/L) showed to be 15 times more toxic than atrazine (48h, EC(I)50= 22,53mg/L). The assays where organisms had been exposed to the agrochemicals mixture, results showed that toxic effects were more severe, when compared to individual toxicities of the studied herbicides, for both organisms. Among other aspects, it was concluded that diuron was more toxic than atrazine to the organisms, and acute toxicity of the compounds were more potent when simultaneously present, as mixture, for the tested organisms, and it indicates a research field that must be explored, specially because there is no consensus related to the way for conducting the evaluation of mixtures toxicity

Proposta de implementação de gestão da qualidade na construção civil em uma obra de alto padrão e curto prazo em Florianópolis: Programa 5S

The present study consists of formulating proposals to improve the flux of activities within a construction site, through the implementation of a quality management system. Using a qualitative approach and aiming to describe the procedures was used a bibliographic study and case study through documentary analysis and participant observation. In this way for this formulation, the PDCA Cycle tool was introduced to define the procedures, the Ishikawa Diagram and the SEFTI Model for problem detection and prioritization, and the 5W2H Method to define the action plans in order to solve the prioritized problems. With the collection and prioritization of the detected problems, it was possible to propose two action plans in order to solve organizational problems, safety and management of the construction site, therefore a model of implantation of construction site that attend the needs and respects the conditions of the building; as well as a plan to implement the 5S Program for construction. This way, respecting the delimitations of the study as possibilities of becoming the most productive and safe.O presente estudo constitui-se em formular propostas para melhoria do fluxo das atividades dentro de um canteiro de obra, através da implantação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade. Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa e com objetivo de descrever os procedimentos utilizou-se de estudo bibliográfico e estudo de caso através de análise documental e observação participante. Assim para tal formulação apresentou-se a ferramenta Ciclo PDCA para definição dos procedimentos, o Diagrama de Ishikawa e Modelo SEFTI para detecção e priorização de problemas e o Método 5W2H para definição dos planos de ação afim de solucionar os problemas priorizados. Com os levantamentos e a priorização dos problemas detectados pôde-se propor dois planos de ação afim de solucionar problemas organizacionais, de segurança e gestão do canteiro de obras, sendo um modelo de implantação de canteiro de obra que atenda às necessidades e respeite as condições da edificação; bem como um plano de implantação do Programa 5S para a construção. Desta forma respeitando as delimitações do estudo as propostas geram a possibilidade de melhorias em relação as disposições do canteiro, a organização das atividades de forma a torna-las mais produtivas e seguras

Genetic Variations in Dry Matter Production, Nitrogen Uptake, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in the AA Genome Oryza Species Grown under Different Nitrogen Conditions

To clarify the genotypic variation of nitrogen (N) response in the AA genome Oryza species, we investigated dry matter production, N uptake, N and water use efficiencies (NUE and WUE), bleeding sap rate (BR), and root morphological traits at vegetative stage in 6 cultivars and 4 strains of 6 species (O. sativa, O. glaberrima, O. barthii, O. nivara, O. meridionalis, and O. rufipogon) grown under standard N (SN) and low N (LN) conditions. Some wild Oryza strains and O. glaberrima showed high dry matter production under both N conditions. In most plants, total dry weight decreased and root dry weight increased under the LN condition, resulting in decreased top-root ratio. In japonica cultivars of O. sativa, however, these traits were unaffected by the N condition. There were no significant differences in WUE with plant species or N conditions. In all plants, however, NUE was higher in the LN than SN condition, and was conspicuously high in most wild Oryza species and O. glaberrima. Some of them showed increased capacity of nitrate-N (NO3-N) uptake under the LN condition. In cultivars and strains with a high NUE, root dry weight, root surface area, and BR were also higher under the LN condition. These results suggest that a high NUE is associated with the development of a root system, increased BR, and probably increased capacity of NO3-N uptake. This study revealed the presence of superior wild Oryza strains for growth under LN that may be a promising genetic resource for low N-input agriculture