Tomaat : rassenproef 1e beoordeling 2/3 hokkig en 3/5 hokkig : herfstteelt 1982

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p>of the standard code; (b) Distribution of the scores for the codes obtained by optimization of the codes from (set ), the blue line is the cost of the code obtained by optimization of the standard code; (c) Minimization percentage of the codes from (see text for details); the blue line is the minimization percentage of the standard code

A crude stereochemical model of a direct interaction of two amino acid with a hexanucleotide representing their cognate codons

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "On the origin of the translation system and the genetic code in the RNA world by means of natural selection, exaptation, and subfunctionalization"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/14</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():14-14.</p><p>Published online 31 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1894784.</p><p></p

Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p> cost functions (1) where () is the frequency of codon ; , , are the cost functions (1) for () = 1 , , ;are the cost functions (1) where () is the respective amino acid frequency; in , , (

Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p>swaps). Crosses show the mean values ± one standard deviation. The green line shows the cost of the standard code, and the blue shows the cost of the code that was obtained by minimization of the standard one. The top x-axis is the number of codes that did not reach their local minimum at the preceding step (starting from 300 random codes). The evolution of each code was followed until the code could not be improved anymore. (b) The number of codes that need exactly pairwise swaps to reach minimum vs ; the blue line is the number of steps for the standard code to reach its local fitness peak (9); the red line is the mean of the distribution (19). (c) Same as (a) but the search started with 100 random codes that outperform the standard code. (d) Same as (b) but the search started with 100 random codes that outperform the standard code

Projection of the code maps onto the plane of the first two principal components (see text for details)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p> Red 'x' signs, random codes, ; red circles, codes resulting from optimization of random codes, ; green squares, random codes that perform better than the standard code, ; green asterisks, codes resulting from optimization of the set , ; blue square, the standard code; blue asterisk, the code resulting from the optimization of the standard code. (a) PRS; (b) the Gilis matrix

Low-bound reconstructions for ancestral archaeal forms: genomes close in size to modern hyperthermophiles

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Clusters of orthologous genes for 41 archaeal genomes and implications for evolutionary genomics of archaea"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/33</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():33-33.</p><p>Published online 27 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2222616.</p><p></p> Each column shows the total number of annotated protein-coding genes in the respective archaeal species; the colored portions (green for Crenarchaeota, blue for Euryarchaeota, and cyan for Nanoarchaeota) show genes included in arCOGs. The hatched columns show the number of arCOGs assigned to LACA, the Last CrenArchaeal Common Ancestor (LCACA) and the Last EuryArchaeal Common Ancestor (LEACA)

Distribution of the number of species in arCOGs: three classes of archaeal genes

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Clusters of orthologous genes for 41 archaeal genomes and implications for evolutionary genomics of archaea"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/33</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():33-33.</p><p>Published online 27 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2222616.</p><p></p> A semi-logarithmic plot fitted with a sum of 3 exponent

Functional breakdown of the entire set of arCOGs and the three core sets

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Clusters of orthologous genes for 41 archaeal genomes and implications for evolutionary genomics of archaea"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/33</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():33-33.</p><p>Published online 27 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2222616.</p><p></p> EA, Euryarchaea, CA, Crenarchaea

A flow chart of the procedure employed for the construction of the arCOGs

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Clusters of orthologous genes for 41 archaeal genomes and implications for evolutionary genomics of archaea"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/33</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():33-33.</p><p>Published online 27 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2222616.</p><p></p> See Materials and Methods for the description of each step