STarT Back Tool.

<p>Response options for items 1–8 are “disagree” (0 points) or “agree” (1 point). Responses to item 9 are on a scale of 1–5: “not at all,” “slightly,” “moderately,” “very much,” or “extremely.” The first three options (“not at all,” “slightly,” and “moderately”) are scored as 0, and the remaining two options (“very much” and “extremely”) are scored as 1. Items 1–4 constitute the physical subscale. Items 5–9 constitute the psychosocial subscale.</p

Mean STarT-J scores for participants with different numbers of somatic symptoms.

<p>The linear trend was tested using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test (p < 0.0001). STarT-J: The Japanese version of the STarT Back Tool. Number of somatic symptoms was assessed by the Brief Symptom Inventory somatization scale: a response of “moderately,” “quite a bit,” or “extremely” to an item was interpreted as the presence of that somatic symptom, and thus counted.</p

Spearman’s correlation coefficients for the STarT-J and related measures.

<p>Spearman’s correlation coefficients for the STarT-J and related measures.</p

STarT Back Tool.

<p>Response options for items 1–8 are “disagree” (0 points) or “agree” (1 point). Responses to item 9 are on a scale of 1–5: “not at all,” “slightly,” “moderately,” “very much,” or “extremely.” The first three options (“not at all,” “slightly,” and “moderately”) are scored as 0, and the remaining two options (“very much” and “extremely”) are scored as 1. Items 1–4 constitute the physical subscale. Items 5–9 constitute the psychosocial subscale.</p

STarT Back Tool risk stratification.

<p>Sub score Q5–9: psychosocial subscale.</p

Mean number of absences for the three STarT-J risk groups.

<p>The linear trend was tested using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test (p < 0.0001). STarT-J: The Japanese version of the STarT Back Tool.</p

Participant characteristics: psychometric testing of the STarT-J (n = 2000).

<p>Participant characteristics: psychometric testing of the STarT-J (n = 2000).</p

Score distribution of STarT-J items and risk group distribution (n = 2000).

<p>Score distribution of STarT-J items and risk group distribution (n = 2000).</p

The use of antidiabetic drugs in patients with HbA1c data (n = 3,372).

<p>The use of antidiabetic drugs in patients with HbA1c data (n = 3,372).</p

Medical costs per patient for the pDPN and non-pDPN groups (n = 21,332).

<p>Medical costs per patient for the pDPN and non-pDPN groups (n = 21,332).</p