Fertile axes and synangiate pollen organs of <i>Telangiopsis</i> sp.

<p>A, Twice dichotomous axes attached by one pollen organ and two planate pinnules (arrows) (PKUB14817). B, Four times branching axes with three terminal pollen organs. Upper and lower arrows indicating two pollen organs and a single one, respectively (PKUB14801a). C, Thrice dichotomous axes with two pairs of terminal pollen organs (arrows) (PKUB14842a). D, Four times branching axes terminated by fragmentary pollen organs (PKUB14813). E, Dichotomous axes with one terminal pollen organ preserved. Arrow 1 indicating probably broken point of another pollen organ, arrows 2 and 3 dehiscence line on microsporangium (PKUB14801a). F, Paired pollen organs (arrows) terminating twice dichotomous axes. Arrow 2 indicating broken point of a probable pollen organ (PKUB14816b). G–I, Lateral view of synangium with basally fused microsporangia (PKUB14887, PKUB14817 and PKUB14814, respectively). J, Two microsporangia showing dehiscence line (arrow) (PKUB14807). K–O, Synangia with basally fused microsporangia showing ventral surface. K, Two pollen organs. Arrows showing dehiscence line on microsporangium (PKUB14841b). L, M, Three pollen organs and dehiscence line (arrow) (PKUB14801b and PKUB14801a, respectively). N, O, One pollen organ and dehiscence line (arrow) (PKUB14840a and PKUB14801b, respectively). A–D, scale bars = 2 mm. E–O, scale bars = 1 mm.</p

Stem and/or vegetative fronds of <i>Telangiopsis</i> sp.

<p>A, Line drawing of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0147984#pone.0147984.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3A and 3B</a> in combination. B, C, Line drawings of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0147984#pone.0147984.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3D and 3E</a>, respectively.</p

Stem and/or vegetative fronds of <i>Telangiopsis</i> sp.

<p>A, B, Part and counterpart of a specimen showing stem attached by proximally bifurcate frond. Frond rachises bearing pinnae and highly dissected pinnules in alternate arrangement (PKUB14842b, PKUB14842a). A, Arrow indicting part of stem enlarged in C. C, Enlargement of arrowed part of A, showing spines and their scars on stem. D, Frond rachis with alternately arranged pinnae (PKUB14882). E, F, A piece of frond rachis bearing pinnae and planate pinnules (PKUB14880, PKUB14823). A, B, scale bars = 1 cm. C, scale bar = 2 mm. D–F, scale bars = 5 mm.</p

Fertile axes and terminal pollen organs of <i>Telangiopsis</i> sp.

<p>A–E, Line drawings of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0147984#pone.0147984.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1A–1D and 1F</a>, respectively. B, Arrows indicating dehiscence line of two microsporangia and stars two pollen organs. C, Arrow indicating a pollen organ. E, Arrow showing limit of two overlapped microsporangia.</p

Surfactant-Mediated One-Pot Method To Prepare Pd–CeO₂ Colloidal Assembled Spheres and Their Enhanced Catalytic Performance for CO Oxidation

A simple, one-pot method to fabricate ordered, monodispersed Pd–CeO₂ colloidal assembled spheres (CASs) was developed using the surfactant-mediated solvothermal approach, which involves a tunable self-assembled process by carefully controlling different chemical reactions. The evolution process and formation mechanism of the CASs were thoroughly investigated by time-controlled and component-controlled experiments. For CO oxidation, this CAS nanocatalyst exhibited much higher catalytic activity and thermal stability than Pd/CeO₂ prepared by an impregnation method, and its complete CO conversion temperature is ∼120 °C. The enhanced catalytic performance for CO oxidation could be attributed to the synergistic effect of highly dispersed PdO species and Pd²⁺ ions incorporated into the CeO₂ lattice. For this CAS catalyst, each sphere can be viewed as a single reactor, and its catalytic performance can be further improved after being supported on alumina, which is obviously higher than results previously reported. Furthermore, this method was used to successfully prepare M–CeO₂ CASs (M = Pt, Cu, Mn, Co), showing further that this is a new and ideal approach for fabricating active and stable ceria-based materials

Effect of One-Pot Rehydration Process on Surface Basicity and Catalytic Activity of Mg_<i>y</i>Al_1‑aREE_<i>a</i>O_<i>x</i> Catalyst for Aldol Condensation of Citral and Acetone

The liquid phase synthesis of pseudoionones (PS) by the cross-aldol condensation of citral and acetone was investigated over MgAl mixed oxides containing rare earth elements (REE = Y, La, Eu), which were obtained from corresponding REE-modified hydrotalcite materials after calcination. The results showed that the unmodified and La­(Eu)-modified MgAl mixed oxide catalysts showed relatively low activity, and Y-modified MgAl mixed oxides presented an unexpected high catalytic activity. PS selectivity of ∼85% and citral conversion of 100% were achieved at 60 °C for 3 h. On the basis of the characterizations of the structural, textural, and basic properties, it was found that Mg₃Al_1‑aY_aO_<i>x</i> catalysts exhibited relatively well-developed small flake morphology with high surface area and pore volume, resulting in exposure of more basic sites on the catalyst surface. The formation of PS over Mg₃Al_1‑aY_aO_<i>x</i> may be accompanied by gradual modification of the catalyst surface to form re-Mg₃Al_1‑aY_aO_<i>x</i> through a rehydration process with produced water, which reconverts the O^2– basic sites to OH^– basic groups. Unlike La and Eu elements, the presence of Y could promote this “one-pot” or <i>in situ</i> rehydration process of MgAl mixed oxides during the aldol reaction. This Y-modified MgAl mixed oxides after a one-pot rehydration process with active Brønsted basic sites is responsible for the high activity in the cross-aldol condensation of citral and acetone

Novel Process to Prepare a Vanadium Electrolyte from a Calcification Roasting–Acid Leaching Solution of Vanadium Slag

The vanadium battery has received great attention in recent years as one of the most viable energy-storage technologies for large-scale applications. As an important part of the vanadium battery, the vanadium electrolyte occupies most of the cost of the vanadium battery. How to prepare a vanadium electrolyte at a low cost has become a hot topic for researchers all over the world. Herein, an efficient method for the preparation of a vanadium electrolyte from a calcification roasting–acid leaching solution of vanadium slag (CRAL) is proposed based on TMAC extraction to the treatment of CRAL and recycling of Mn and Mg resources. The influence of various factors on vanadium extraction efficiency has been investigated, including the extractant concentration, phase ratio A/O, contact time, and temperature. Furthermore, the principle of extraction and stripping has been illustrated, and the recyclability of the organic phase has been evaluated. Under optimum conditions, 99.91% of vanadium is recovered from CRAL to prepare the vanadium battery, confirming the efficient separation of vanadium. This study highlights a new approach for separating vanadium from other impurities to prepare a vanadium electrolyte and provides a new outlook for other leaching solutions and new perspectives on the resource-comprehensive utilization of liquor

Effect of Ceria Crystal Plane on the Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Pd/Ceria for CO and Propane Oxidation

Ceria nanocrystallites with different morphologies and crystal planes were hydrothermally prepared, and the effects of ceria supports on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of Pd/CeO₂ for the CO and propane oxidation were examined. The results showed that the structure and chemical state of Pd on ceria were affected by ceria crystal planes. The Pd species on CeO₂-R (rods) and CeO₂-C (cubes) mainly formed Pd_<i>x</i>Ce_1–<i>x</i>O_2−σ solid solution with −Pd²⁺–O^2––Ce⁴⁺– linkage. In addition, the PdO_<i>x</i> nanoparticles were dominated on the surface of Pd/CeO₂-O (octahedrons). For the CO oxidation, the Pd/CeO₂-R catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity among three catalysts, its reaction rate reached 2.07 × 10^–4 mol g_Pd^–1 s^–1 at 50 °C, in which CeO₂-R mainly exposed the (110) and (100) facets with low oxygen vacancy formation energy, strong reducibility, and high surface oxygen mobility. TOF of Pd/CeO₂-R (3.78 × 10^–2 s^–1) was much higher than that of Pd/CeO₂-C (6.40 × 10^–3 s^–1) and Pd/CeO₂-O (1.24 × 10^–3 s^–1) at 50 °C, and its activation energy (<i>E</i>_a) was 40.4 kJ/mol. For propane oxidation, the highest reaction rate (8.08 × 10^–5 mol g_Pd^–1 s^–1 at 300 °C) was obtained over the Pd/CeO₂-O catalyst, in which CeO₂-O mainly exposed the (111) facet. There are strong surface Ce–O bonds on the ceria (111) facet, which favors the existence of PdO particles and propane activation. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the Pd/CeO₂-O catalyst was highest (3.52 × 10^–2 s^–1) at 300 °C and its <i>E</i>_a value was 49.1 kJ/mol. These results demonstrate the inverse facet sensitivity of ceria for the CO and propane oxidation over Pd/ceria

Origin of Efficient Catalytic Combustion of Methane over Co₃O₄(110): Active Low-Coordination Lattice Oxygen and Cooperation of Multiple Active Sites

A complete catalytic cycle for methane combustion on the Co₃O₄(110) surface was investigated and compared with that on the Co₃O₄(100) surface on the basis of first-principles calculations. It is found that the 2-fold coordinated lattice oxygen (O_2c) would be of vital importance for methane combustion over Co₃O₄ surfaces, especially for the first two C–H bond activations and the C–O bond coupling. It could explain the reason the Co₃O₄(110) surface significantly outperforms the Co₃O₄(100) surface without exposed O_2c for methane combustion. More importantly, it is found that the cooperation of homogeneous multiple sites for multiple elementary steps would be indispensable. It not only facilitates the hydrogen transfer between different sites for the swift formation of H₂O to effectively avoid the passivation of the active low-coordinated O_2c site but also stabilizes surface intermediates during the methane oxidation, optimizing the reaction channel. An understanding of this cooperation of multiple active sites not only might be beneficial in developing improved catalysts for methane combustion but also might shed light on one advantage of heterogeneous catalysts with multiple sites in comparison to single-site catalysts for catalytic activity

Novel Fluorescent Microemulsion: Probing Properties, Investigating Mechanism, and Unveiling Potential Application

Nanoscale microemulsions have been utilized as delivery carriers for nutraceuticals and active biological drugs. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel oil in water (O/W) fluorescent microemulsion based on isoamyl acetate, polyoxyethylene castor oil EL (CrEL), and water. The microemulsion emitted bright blue fluorescence, thus exhibiting its potential for active drug detection with label-free strategy. The microemulsion exhibited excitation-dependent emission and distinct red shift with longer excitation wavelengths. Lifetime and quantum yield of fluorescent microemulsion were 2.831 ns and 5.0%, respectively. An excellent fluorescent stability of the microemulsion was confirmed by altering pH, ionic strength, temperature, and time. Moreover, we proposed a probable mechanism of fluorochromic phenomenon, in connection with the aromatic ring structure of polyoxyethylene ether substituent in CrEL. Based on our findings, we concluded that this new fluorescent microemulsion is a promising drug carrier that can facilitate active drug detection with a label-free strategy. Although further research is required to understand the exact mechanism behind its fluorescence property, this work provided valuable guidance to develop new biosensors based on fluorescent microemulsion