Bending strength analysis of steel-composite submerged floating tunnels

A submerged floating tunnel (SFT) must have enough strength to resist to various external loadings such\ud as bending, torsion, tension, and compression. The expected main deformation of SFT is caused by bending moment.\ud And this bending moment makes tensile stress and compression stress on the wall of SFT. Thus, bending moment is a\ud main affecting factor on the safety of SFT. Until now, a reinforced concrete tunnel was suggested for SFT by other\ud researchers. In this study, an internally confined hollow reinforced concrete tunnel and a double skinned composite\ud tubular tunnel were proposed. And their bending strengths were studied and compared with that of a reinforced concrete\ud tunnel. The analysis results showed the proposed SFT structures had enough strength to guarantee safety

Characterization of the LIGO detectors during their sixth science run

In 2009-2010, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) operated together with international partners Virgo and GEO600 as a network to search for gravitational waves (GWs) of astrophysical origin. The sensitivity of these detectors was limited by a combination of noise sources inherent to the instrumental design and its environment, often localized in time or frequency, that couple into the GW readout. Here we review the performance of the LIGO instruments during this epoch, the work done to characterize the detectors and their data, and the effect that transient and continuous noise artefacts have on the sensitivity of LIGO to a variety of astrophysical sources