Chemosensitization of Plant Pathogenic Fungi to Agricultural Fungicides

A common consequence of using agricultural fungicides is the development of resistance by fungal pathogens, which undermines reliability of fungicidal effectiveness. A potentially new strategy to aid in overcoming or minimizing this problem is enhancement of pathogen sensitivity to fungicides, or “chemosensitization.” Chemosensitization can be accomplished by combining a commercial fungicide with a certain non- or marginally fungicidal substance at levels where, alone, neither compound would be effective. Chemosensitization decreases the probability of the pathogen developing resistance, reduces the toxic impact on the environment by lowering effective dosage levels of toxic fungicides, and improves efficacy of antifungal agents. The present study shows that the antifungal activity of azole and strobilurin fungicides can be significantly enhanced through their co-application with certain natural or synthetic products against several economically important plant pathogenic fungi. Quadris (azoxystrobin) combined with thymol at a non-fungitoxic concentration produced much higher growth inhibition of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Phoma glomerata, Alternaria sp. and Stagonospora nodorum than the fungicide alone. The effect of Dividend (difenoconazole) applied with thymol significantly enhanced antifungal activity against B. sorokiniana and S. nodorum. Folicur (tebuconazole) combined with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBA), 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde or thymol significantly inhibited growth of Alternaria alternata, at a much greater level than the fungicide alone. In addition, co-application of Folicur and 4-HBA resulted in a similar enhancement of antifungal activity against Fusarium culmorum. Lastly, we discovered that metabolites in the culture liquid of Fusarium sambucinum biocontrol isolate FS-94 also had chemosensitizing activity, increasing S. nodorum sensitivity to Folicur and Dividend

Перинатальная гипоксия: патогенетические аспекты и подходы к диагностике (обзор литературы). Часть I

Oxygen plays significant physiological role in fetal development. It is important in major embryonic processes like angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, chondrogenesis, and placental development. Acute or chronic hypoxia can have negative impact on a fetus at any stage of the process of development. Prenatal hypoxia is an important cause of brain injury of the newborn. It may lead to a variety of different long-term neurological disorders: from mild behavioral deficits to severe compromise with seizures, mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Fetal cerebrovascular responses to hypoxia are fundamentally different from those observed in the adult cerebral circulation. This article discusses the causes and mechanisms of perinatal hypoxia, as well as its early and late postnatal consequences. The study of the pathogenesis of the formation of fetal cerebrovascular disorders, as well as the description of their features are of particular importance for complex diagnostics of pathological obstetric conditions and neurological disorders, and for optimization of therapeutic interventions to reduce perinatal losses.Кислород играет ключевую физиологическую роль в период внутриутробного развития плода. Его адекватное поступление обеспечивает осуществление значимых фетальных процессов, таких как ангиогенез, гемопоэз, хондрогенез, а также формирование плаценты. Острая или хроническая гипоксия может оказывать негативное влияние на плод на любом этапе его развития. Перинатальная гипоксия является важной и основной причиной мозговых нарушений у новорожденных и приводит к различным неврологическим расстройствам: от незначительных нарушений поведенческих реакций до умственной отсталости и церебрального паралича. Фетальный цереброваскулярный ответ в условиях гипоксии принципиально отличается от изменений мозгового кровообращения, наблюдаемых после рождения. В данном обзоре освещены причины и механизмы перинатальной гипоксии, а также ее ранние и отдаленные постнатальные последствия. Изучение патогенеза формирования цереброваскулярных нарушений у плода, а также описание их особенностей имеют особую значимость как для комплексной диагностики патологических акушерских состояний и неврологических расстройств, так и для оптимизации лечебных мероприятий с целью снижения перинатальных потерь

Перинатальная гипоксия: патогенетические аспекты и подходы к диагностике (обзор литературы). Часть 2

Hypoxia is a leading etiological factor of most of the fetal brain damages and neurological disorders in the postnatal period. The evaluation of fetal brain blood flow can be considered crucial because deficits in the perfusion of this area may lead to inadequate development of the central nervous system and are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including perinatal death. With the advent of fetal Doppler velocimetry it became possible to study fetal circulatory safely and non-invasively. Assessment of the fetal circulation is essential in better understanding of the pathophysiology of a wide range of pathological pregnancies and their clinical management.Гипоксия является ведущим этиологическим фактором большей части мозговых нарушений, встречающихся у плода, и неврологических расстройств в постнатальном периоде. Оценка церебрального кровотока имеет важное диагностическое значение, поскольку снижение перфузии мозговых структур может привести к нарушению формирования нервной системы плода и сопровождаться неблагоприятными перинатальными исходами, включая перинатальную смерть. С развитием метода допплерометрии стало возможно безопасно и неинвазивно исследовать особенности фетального кровотока в норме и при различных патологических состояниях. Это необходимо для лучшего понимания патофизиологической основы большинства осложнений во время беременности и разработки рациональной акушерской тактики

A global look at time: a 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

Time perspective profiles of cultures

This chapter summarises some results of the International Time Perspective Research Project, which is a collaborative cross-cultural study of time perspective carried out in 24 countries. The highlights of structural equivalence assessment study are presented, showing the cross-cultural invariance of 36 items of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scale. The associations between country-level ZTPI scores and other culture-level indicators, including the Human Development Index and Hofstede cultural dimensions, are presented and discussed. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, five distinct profiles of time perspective were found (future-oriented, present-oriented, balanced, moderately fatalistic, and negative), and significant differences in the prevalence of these profiles across cultures were found. Implications and perspectives for future research are discussed

A global look at time: a 24-country study of the Equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

A Global Look at Time

International audienc

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)