MINIMIZATION OF SOIL POLLUTION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The development of all spheres of human activity is associated with an increase in anthropogenic pressure on environment. Metropolitan areas and large cities are experiencing the greatest pressure. Both the development of new areas adjacent to built-up areas, as well as operating existing industrial and residential complexes suffer the influences. The article presents the results of a soil study conducted in the city of Novokuibyshevsk to determine the prospects for future growth of the city. Soil samples were taken throughout the city. When choosing the place of sampling, the locations of highways, industrial zones and residential buildings were taken into account. Soil testing was carried out to obtain data on the concentrations of heavy metals (lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, manganese, etc.), as well as sulfates and nitrates. The results were analyzed and contrasted with the standards and results of previous years.Based on the study of the current state of the soil, the authors assessed the degree of pollution of urban soils in an industrial city. In their study they proposed and developed measures to improve the condition of the soil, namely, analyzed the efficiency of using phytoremediation to reduce soil contamination in residential areas of the city.

USE OF DRILLING MUDS

Drilling of wells is accompanied by pollution of all environmental components with drilling and process waste. With drilling operations carried out, terrain and soil mass disturbance occur first. Waste generated during the drilling process includes drilling muds, return drilling muds, drilling wastewater. The contaminating ability of drilling waste is determined by the use of chemical reagents and components involved in the preparation and processing of drilling muds. The use of additives and reagents is necessary to make sure the solution displays certain properties that ensure effective well drilling. The resulting waste is usually disposed of at landfills or is buried at the site of formation in mud pits, ensuring minimal environmental impact. The use of drill muds in other spheres is hindered by the complex composition of oily waste.The composition of liquid and solid fractions of drilling muds from several deposits were studied in laboratory setting. Waste samples were analyzed for moisture content, organic substances, oil products and other substances. According to the results of the research, measures for improving the properties of drilling muds were developed and proposed. For this purpose, an introduction of high sorption substances to the waste is proposed.The most effective should be the use of a sorbent capable of retaining organic matters and heavy metals. The resulting homogeneous soil-like mixture can be used for land reclamation in the city areas and other settlements, when performing planning works at the initial and final stages of construction, as well as at landscaping residential areas.

Investigation of the process of penetration of petroleum products into the ground during construction work

There are many sources of pollution on the territory of the city: enterprises, transport, and also a large negative impact is during the construction work. The article examines the impact of construction machinery and works on the soil, namely soil contamination with oil-containing products. To minimize such an impact, the process of penetration of the most common oil-containing substances into the soil was simulated in laboratory conditions. To minimize such an impact, the process of penetration of the most common oil-containing substances into the soil was simulated in laboratory conditions. In order to obtain a more accurate result, the granulometric composition of the soil of the urban area was determined at the initial stage. further studies were carried out with a similar soil. Kerosene, diesel fuel and gasoline were used as oil-containing liquids in the studies. A methodology for conducting laboratory tests was developed. To identify the dependence of the volume of liquid entering the ground surface and the depth of penetration, its studies were carried out for three volumes: 50 ml, 100 ml and 150 ml. A series of experiments (at least 10) was conducted for each liquid and each volume of liquid under study. The results of the studies were recorded for 48 hours at the same intervals in each series. The results of the experiments were recorded in tabular form, then analyzed statistically and graphically. During the analysis, it was found that gasoline and kerosene penetrate into the ground faster and reach half of the maximum penetration depth in the first 30 minutes. Diesel fuel penetrates more slowly and more evenly throughout the entire time of fixing the penetration depth due to its higher density. Based on the results of the research, recommendations were formulated for the use of contaminated areas after the completion of construction work, and measures were proposed to minimize the negative impact of pollution on the ecosystem

Use of Drilling Muds for Remediation

Drilling wells is an ecologically dangerous type of work accompanied by contamination of soil, subsurface and surface waters, pollution of open air with drilling and technological wastes. Throughout the drilling process, drilling waste is generated, such as drilling muds, return drilling muds, drilling waste water. The resulting waste is usually disposed of at landfills, which ensure minimal environmental impact. The use of drilling muds in other spheres is hindered by the complex composition of oily waste. Samples of liquids and solids in drilling wastes, picked at three locations, were subjects for analysis. The waste sample was analyzed for moisture content, organic substances, oil products, silicon, iron and other substances. Based on the studies performed, the authors propose additional introduction of substances possessing high sorption capacity into drilling mud to improve its properties. The most effective way should be using a sorbent capable of retaining organic and heavy metals. The resultant homogeneous soil-like mixture possesses the necessary and sufficient properties to be used as a mineral base for remediation after performing construction work in urban areas

Efficiency of construction waste recycling

Recycling is widely used in practice in various fields of activity. However, the effect of such use does not always cover the costs of the processing. The article considers the problem of recycling waste generated while constructing residential buildings and structures. We present the results of full-scale studies of construction waste generated at construction sites in the city of Samara. We also show the qualitative and quantitative composition of the elements and analyze possible ways of their reuse. In addition, we have calculated economic feasibility of reusing building materials recycled from construction waste

Technical Solutions for Improving the Safety of Housing and Communal Services

The article reports that one of the priority areas for the implementation of the Strategic Plan for the Development of the Housing and Communal Services of Russia for the period up to 2020 is the implementation of the most effective technologies used in the construction of public infrastructure facilities and the modernization of housing stock. Certain aspects of this strategy were considered by the authors in relation to urban facilities located in the riverbank zone of the large, high-water Volga River. The current condition of the riverbank zone near the city of Samara has been analyzed. Factors adversely affecting the riverbank slope and those influencing the change in conditions of its use are singled out. The authors have registered an increasing level of safety problems for urban facilities due to the loss of the slope stability. As possible measures to improve the stability of the slope and ensure environmental safety, technical and technological solutions developed with the participation of the authors are recommended

Efficiency of construction waste recycling

Recycling is widely used in practice in various fields of activity. However, the effect of such use does not always cover the costs of the processing. The article considers the problem of recycling waste generated while constructing residential buildings and structures. We present the results of full-scale studies of construction waste generated at construction sites in the city of Samara. We also show the qualitative and quantitative composition of the elements and analyze possible ways of their reuse. In addition, we have calculated economic feasibility of reusing building materials recycled from construction waste

The possibility of using materials based on secondary gravel in civil construction

By now, the wear and tear of housing stock is more than 50%. Each year the number of old and dilapidated housing is growing, but it is gradually replaced by modern buildings. However, wastes accumulated from dismantling of buildings and constructions, are underutilized and, usually are just stored at landfills, or used for temporary roads construction. The purpose of this research is to define construction wastes characteristics and to explore possibilities for recycling of wastes from construction materials production. The paper also analyzes housing stock condition and basic requirements to building materials used in construction; and demonstrates results building materials based on secondary gravel investigation. While working with materials based on waste requirements the authors conducted laboratory research. Thus, the paper presents the analysis of laboratory tests results that made it possible to draw conclusions about the possible use of building materials based on secondary gravel and about their conformity to specified requirements. The researchers also developed proposals and recommendations to improve the competitiveness of such materials

The possibility of using materials based on secondary gravel in civil construction

By now, the wear and tear of housing stock is more than 50%. Each year the number of old and dilapidated housing is growing, but it is gradually replaced by modern buildings. However, wastes accumulated from dismantling of buildings and constructions, are underutilized and, usually are just stored at landfills, or used for temporary roads construction. The purpose of this research is to define construction wastes characteristics and to explore possibilities for recycling of wastes from construction materials production. The paper also analyzes housing stock condition and basic requirements to building materials used in construction; and demonstrates results building materials based on secondary gravel investigation. While working with materials based on waste requirements the authors conducted laboratory research. Thus, the paper presents the analysis of laboratory tests results that made it possible to draw conclusions about the possible use of building materials based on secondary gravel and about their conformity to specified requirements. The researchers also developed proposals and recommendations to improve the competitiveness of such materials

Justification of application of new types of fastening of slopes of hydraulic engineering constructions

The article represents the analysis of various types of fastenings of the soil slopes which have found broad application in the hydrotechnical construction practice for the last 10-15 years. It is noted that, generally, new types of fastenings represent composite materials made of concrete, metal and polymers. Experience shows that producers of the construction materials used in bank protection designs seek to recommend them for the solution of a wide range of tasks, at the same time it isn’t always founded. The authors, on the basis of the analysis of experience with the types of fastenings and also modern domestic and foreign recommendations about their design and construction, offer a technique of justification of new types of fastenings of slopes of hydraulic engineering constructions. The use of concrete filled geotextile mats in bank protection is brought out as a practical realization of the represented technique