Does hard mast production affect patterns of cementum annuli formation in premolar teeth of Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus)?

Cementum annuli widths in mammals are is influenced by the nutrition of mammals. Reproductive stress has been is suggested to reduce the width of lead to narrower cementum annuli widths in female Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus); however, food availability in autumn strongly impacts bear nutrition and likely impacts cementum widths as well. This study aimed to test how cementum annuli widths and the formation of false annuli were influenced by hard mast production. We established two hypotheses: (1) cementum annuli widths become narrower in poor mast years owing to inadequate nutritional conditions and (2) false annuli occur more frequently in poor mast years. We used teeth samples from male bears to avoid reproductive influences and separated width data into "adult" and "subadult" groups. We calculated the proportional width index (PWI) and used linear mixed models to estimate the masting effects on PWI. Generalized linear mixed models estimated the masting effects on false annuli frequency. True annuli widths and false annuli formation showed no significant relationship with mast production in adults. In subadults, poor mast production weak negative influence on false annuli formation. These new data resolve previous questions, allowing us to deduce that cementum annuli widths are a reliable index of reproductive success in female bears

Document Separation between Native English and Nonnative English Using Long POS Strings

We propose using long and low-frequency part of speech (POS) strings for document separation between native English documents and non-native English documents. The long POS strings were ignored in previous works because their frequencies in training data are too small to estimate their probabilities. Meanwhile, a research of language identification showed that the long and low-frequency byte strings were useful for language identification among similar languages. There are some similarity between language identification and document separation between native English documents and non-native English documents, for example long POS strings are more peculiar to one class than short ones, though there is a difference between POS and byte. Therefore, we can expect higher accuracy by using long and low-frequency POS strings. Some experiments are described in this paper. These experiments show that the proposed method has higher accuracy than previous ones

長い品詞列を文書特徴とした母語話者英文書・非母語話者英文書の判別

We propose using long and low-frequency part of speech (POS) strings for document separation between native English documents and non-native English documents. The long POS strings were ignored in previous works because their frequencies in training data are too small to estimate their probabilities. Meanwhile, a research of language identification showed that the long and low-frequency byte strings were useful for language identification among similar languages. There are some similarity between language identification and document separation between native English documents and non-native English documents, for example long POS strings are more peculiar to one class than short ones, though there is a difference between POS and byte. Therefore, we can expect higher accuracy by using long and low-frequency POS strings. Some experiments are described in this paper. These experiments show that the proposed method has higher accuracy than previous ones