外国語科の「聞くこと」における効果的な指導と評価の在り方 : 小さな成功体験を大切にしながら

2020年度より新学習指導要領が全面実施となり，小学校高学年に外国語科が新設された。また，学習指導要領の改訂に伴い，評価の観点も，「知識・技能」「思考・判断・表現」「主体的に学習に取り組む態度」と示され，小学校外国語科でも，数値による評価が始まった。本稿は，5つの領域の中でも基盤となる「聞くこと」に焦点を当てその効果的な指導法について探るために，児童に成功体験を味わわせることを大切にした実践について，考察した内容をまとめたものである。さらに，「聞くこと」に関して，指導改善や学習改善につながる評価を計画・実施し，その成果と課題についても示唆する

小学校外国語科における児童の学びを支援する指導と評価の在り方 : 目的・場面・状況に応じて，聞いたり読んだりする力の育成

小学校外国語科においては，「聞くこと」「読むこと」「話すこと［やり取り］」「話すこと［発表］」「書くこと」の 5 領域において，児童に求められる資質・能力を育成するために指導を行うこととなっている。また，その指導においては，目的・場面・状況を明確に設定した言語活動を通した指導の中で，育成すべき資質・能力を児童に育むことが求められている。本稿は，5 つの領域の中でも「聞くこと」「読むこと」に焦点を当て，言語活動を通した指導を行う中で，目的・場面・状況に応じて，聞いたり読んだりする力を育成するとともに，児童の学びを支援する評価の在り方について探るために，実践・考察した内容及び，その成果と課題についてまとめている。departmental bulletin pape

各種の藍に含まれる不純物赤色色素の検出

In the previous paper we reported the presence of a red colorant contained only in sukumo, Japanese natural indigo dye produced from Polygonum tinctorium, and another red colorant contained only in synthetic indigo and the discrimination between natural indigo dyeing and synthetic indigo dyeing by the analysis of these red colorants. Herein, we report that the former red colorant is present in sukumo of various origin, sukumo derived from Strobilanthes cusia and woad and that the discrimination can also be applicable for indigo dyed silk

Impact of Frailty Risk on Adverse Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Historical Cohort Study

We evaluated the utility of the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) as a predictor of adverse events after hospitalization in a retrospective analysis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This historical cohort study analyzed the data of patients hospitalized with TBI between April 2014 and August 2020 who were registered in the JMDC database. We used HFRS to classify the patients into the low- (HFRS 15)-frailty risk groups. Outcomes were the length of hospital stay, the number of patients with Barthel Index score ≥ 95 on, Barthel Index gain, and in-hospital death. We used logistic and linear regression analyses to estimate the association between HFRS and outcome in TBI. We included 18,065 patients with TBI (mean age: 71.8 years). Among these patients, 10,139 (56.1%) were in the low-frailty risk group, 7388 (40.9%) were in the intermediate-frailty risk group, and 538 (3.0%) were in the high-frailty risk group. The intermediate- and high-frailty risk groups were characterized by longer hospital stays than the low-frailty risk group (intermediate-frailty risk group: coefficient 1.952, 95%; confidence interval (CI): 1.117–2.786; high-frailty risk group: coefficient 5.770; 95% CI: 3.160–8.379). The intermediate- and high-frailty risk groups were negatively associated with a Barthel Index score ≥ 95 on discharge (intermediate-frailty risk group: odds ratio 0.645; 95% CI: 0.595–0.699; high-frailty risk group: odds ratio 0.221; 95% CI: 0.157–0.311) and Barthel Index gain (intermediate-frailty risk group: coefficient −4.868, 95% CI: −5.599–−3.773; high-frailty risk group: coefficient −19.596, 95% CI: −22.242–−16.714). The intermediate- and high-frailty risk groups were not associated with in-hospital deaths (intermediate-frailty risk group: odds ratio 0.901; 95% CI: 0.766–1.061; high-frailty risk group: odds ratio 0.707; 95% CI: 0.459–1.091). We found that HFRS could predict adverse outcomes during hospitalization in TBI patients

Impact of Frailty Risk on Oral Intake and Length of Hospital Stay in Older Patients with Pneumonia: A Historical Cohort Study

The aim of this study was to examine the association between frailty risk and outcomes in older patients with pneumonia. For this purpose, the JMDC multi-center database was used, and a historical cohort study was conducted to examine the association between the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) and oral intake prognosis and length of hospital stay in older patients hospitalized with pneumonia. Patients were classified into low-risk (HFRS 15) groups based on their HFRS scores, and outcomes were defined as the number of days from admission to the start of oral intake and length of hospital stay. A total of 98,420 patients with pneumonia (mean age 82.2 ± 7.2) were finally included. Of these patients, 72,207 (73.4%) were in the low-risk group, 23,136 (23.5%) were in the intermediate-risk group, and 3077 (3.1%) were in the high-risk group. The intermediate- and high-risk groups had a higher number of days to the start of oral intake than the low-risk group (intermediate-risk group: coefficient 0.705, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.642–0.769; high-risk group: coefficient 0.889, 95% CI 0.740–1.038). In addition, the intermediate- and high-risk groups also had longer hospital stays than the low-risk group (intermediate-risk group: coefficient 5.743, 95% CI 5.305–6.180; high-risk group: coefficient 7.738, 95% CI 6.709–8.766). Overall, we found that HFRS is associated with delayed initiation of oral intake and prolonged hospital stay in older patients with pneumonia. Therefore, evaluation based on HFRS could be helpful in making clinical decisions regarding the selection of feeding strategies and when to discharge older patients with pneumonia

Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: The link and relevant mechanisms

This paper reviews the association between periodontitis and CVD. In addition, the potential mechanisms of any association between periodontitis and CVD as well as the effects of periodontal treatment on CVD are herein discussed. Among the studies carried out by this group and others on coronary artery diseases, peripheral arterial diseases, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and Buerger's disease, periodontopathic bacteria were frequently detected in the diseased blood vessels, thus suggesting an association between periodontitis and CVD. The potential mechanisms of the association between periodontitis and CVD are not fully elucidated. However, inflammation and some autoimmune mechanisms, including molecular mimicry between the periodontopathic bacteria and host molecules, are suggested. The effects of periodontal treatment on CVD might thus vary among the different treatment modalities, and full-mouth mechanical debridement might induce strong transient systemic inflammatory responses in comparison to the quadrant-wise mechanical debridement

Dietary Intake of Sulforaphane-Rich Broccoli Sprout Extracts during Juvenile and Adolescence Can Prevent Phencyclidine-Induced Cognitive Deficits at Adulthood

<div><p>Oxidative stress and inflammation play a role in cognitive impairment, which is a core symptom of schizophrenia. Furthermore, a hallmark of the pathophysiology of this disease is the dysfunction of cortical inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), which is also involved in cognitive impairment. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli, is a potent activator of the transcription factor Nrf2, which plays a central role in the inducible expressions of many cytoprotective genes in response to oxidative stress. Keap1 is a cytoplasmic protein that is essential for the regulation of Nrf2 activity. Here, we found that pretreatment with SFN attenuated cognitive deficits, the increase in 8-oxo-dG-positive cells, and the decrease in PV-positive cells in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after repeated administration of phencyclidine (PCP). Furthermore, PCP-induced cognitive deficits were improved by the subsequent subchronic administration of SFN. Interestingly, the dietary intake of glucoraphanin (a glucosinolate precursor of SFN) during the juvenile and adolescence prevented the onset of PCP-induced cognitive deficits as well as the increase in 8-oxo-dG-positive cells and the decrease in PV-positive cells in the brain at adulthood. Moreover, the <i>NRF2</i> gene and the <i>KEAP1</i> gene had an epistatic effect on cognitive impairment (e.g., working memory and processing speed) in patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that SFN may have prophylactic and therapeutic effects on cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Therefore, the dietary intake of SFN-rich broccoli sprouts during the juvenile and adolescence may prevent the onset of psychosis at adulthood.</p></div