Three Essays on Risks of Firms Led by Founder-CEOs

This dissertation is comprised of three essays that focus on the topics related to risks of firms led by founder-CEOs. This research provides insights into how founder-led firms are different from nonfounder-led firms in terms of their operational and financial risk taking, litigation risk, and restructuring probabilities and outcomes. The empirical results are significant and robust. The first essay examines the relationship between founder-CEO firms and firm risk. Using a sample of S&P 1500 firms, our empirical results show that founder-led firms are associated with higher overall risk and operational risk, and lower financial risk than nonfounder-led firms. We further investigate the underlying characteristics of CEOs through which they influence the firm risk. We find that in founder-led firms, CEO-chair duality plays a significant role in determining the levels of overall risk and financial risk. The second essay investigates if firms led by founder-CEOs experience different litigation risk as compared to firms led by nonfounder-CEOs. Litigation risk is the risk of being involved in a lawsuit as a defendant, and being involved in litigation causes severe negative consequences both implicitly and explicitly. Using a sample of U.S. public firms, we find that founder-CEO firms are associated with lower litigation risk than nonfounder- CEO firms. The third essay studies the relationship between founder-CEOs and corporate restructuring. Our empirical analysis suggests that the likelihood of corporate restructuring is negatively related to having a founder as CEO, and that restructuring activities undertaken by founder-CEOs are more effective than restructuring activities by nonfounder-CEOs. These results highlight the importance of founder leadership in alleviating corporate restructuring concerns and in navigating a restructuring event in an effective way

『日本語日常会話コーパス』の短単位解析：作業工程を中心に

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2019, 開催地: 国立国語研究所, 会期: 2019年9月2日−4日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター国語研で構築中の『日本語日常会話コーパス』(CEJC)の短単位解析作業について報告する。CEJCにおける短単位情報は、アノテーションの一つであるにとどまらず、(i)発音に関する情報を唯一持つ、(ii)他のアノテーション（長単位・韻律）の初期値作成の際の入力となる、(iii)転記誤りを発見する際の有力な手掛かりとなる、などの点で重要なアノテーションであり、高い精度が求められる。作業は次のように進める。まず、MeCab+UniDicで自動解析したのち、短単位付加情報の一つである「発音形」を、音を聴取しながら人手で修正する。これにより、発音形の精度向上を図る。さらに、修正された発音形を尊重しつつ再び形態素解析を行なうことにより、発音形以外の短単位情報（境界・付加情報）の精度向上をも図る（例：初出店「ショシュツ/テン」→「ハツ/シュッテン」）。その後、短単位解析結果を、形態論情報管理ツール「大納言」で検索・修正できるようにし、引き続き解析誤りを修正していく。修正が進んだ段階で、境界・付加情報に揺れがないかを系統的にチェックする（例：「ミリ/メートル」「ミリ=メートル」）

Design and Evaluation of the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation

application/pdfNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsGraduate School of Humanities, Chiba UniversityNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsWe have constructed the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation (CEJC) and published it in March 2022. The CEJC is designed to contain various kinds of everyday conversations in a balanced manner to capture their diversity. The CEJC features not only audio but also video data to facilitate precise understanding of the mechanism of real-life social behavior. The publication of a large-scale corpus of everyday conversations that includes video data is a new approach. The CEJC contains 200 hours of speech, 577 conversations, about 2.4 million words, and a total of 1675 conversants. In this paper, we present an overview of the corpus, including the recording method and devices, structure of the corpus, formats of video and audio files, transcription, and annotations. We then report some results of the evaluation of the CEJC in terms of conversant and conversation attributes. We show that the CEJC includes a good balance of adult conversants in terms of gender and age, as well as a variety of conversations in terms of conversation forms, places, activities, and numbers of conversants.conference pape

『日本語日常会話コーパス』での形態素解析：誤解析箇所の分析

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2021, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2021年9月13日-14日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター『日本語日常会話コーパス』(CEJC)の短単位情報付与作業では、次の4段階の作業工程、(i)転記をMeCab（解析器）+UniDic（解析辞書）で自動解析、(ii)音声を聴取しながら、付加情報の一つである「発音形」のみを人手修正、(iii)人手修正された発音形を尊重しつつ再び自動解析、(iv)短単位情報（境界情報、発音形以外の付加情報）を人手修正、を踏んでいる。今後の(iv)人手修正作業の参考とするため、人手修正済みデータを対象に、複数の版の現代話し言葉UniDic(Ver2.2.0, 2.3.0, 3.0.1, 3.1.0)を用いて(i)-(iii)を自動で実施し、その出力と人手修正結果とを比較した。その結果、UniDicの版が新しくなるにつれて誤解析の頻度が低下し、向上が見られたものの、誤りやすい個所がなお残っていることがわかった。特に、品詞が 「記号」「代名詞」「接続詞」「名詞-助動詞語幹」「名詞-固有名詞-人名-一般」「名詞-固有名詞-一般」となるべき語は、UniDicの版が新しくなっても別の品詞として解析される、短単位境界を誤るなど、誤解析が起こりやすい

『日本語日常会話コーパス』に対する短単位情報付与：作業工程と評価

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2020, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2020年9月8日−9日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター『日本語日常会話コーパス』(CEJC)の短単位情報付与作業では、以下のような作業工程を踏んでいる：(i) 転記をMeCab（解析器）+ UniDic（解析辞書）で自動解析、(ii) 音声を聴取しながら、付加情報の一つである「発音形」のみを人手修正、(iii) 人手修正された発音形を尊重しつつ再び自動解析、(iv) 短単位情報（境界情報、発音形以外の付加情報）を人手修正。この作業工程の妥当性を検証するため、人手修正済みデータを対象に、複数の版の現代話し言葉UniDic（Ver2.2.0, 2.3.0, 3.0.1）で自動解析をしなおし、出力を比較した。その結果、どの版のUniDicを使っても、人手修正された発音形の情報を用いる方が、そうでない場合に比べ、短単位情報の精度向上を見込めることがわかった。特に、古い版のUniDic (Ver2.2.0)ではそれが顕著であった（境界＋品詞＋語彙素（F値）：0.944→0.962）。一方で、最新版のUniDic (Ver3.0.1)では効果は限定的である（同：0.976→0.979）

Finding of Probable Tsunami Boulders on Jiupeng Coast in Southeastern Taiwan

We find three coral boulders (approx. 5 m across) resting on the Holocene coral terrace on the Jiupeng coast of southeastern Taiwan. Three exotic corals on the outer part of the boulders are dated at ca. 5000 yr BP which is similar to that of in situ corals composing the Holocene terrace. We interpret that these boulders were broken off from the coral terrace and were transported by tsunami waves, although the timing of the paleotsunami is not determined at this stage

Association of lower limb muscle mass and energy expenditure with visceral fat mass in healthy men

BACKGROUND: A high-calorie diet and physical inactivity, an imbalance between caloric intake and energy consumption, are major causes of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which manifests as accumulation of visceral fat and insulin resistance. However, the lifestyle-related factors associated with visceral fat mass in healthy men are not fully understood. METHODS: We evaluated visceral fat area (VFA), skeletal muscle mass, caloric intake, and energy expenditure in 67 healthy male participants (mean age, 36.9 ± 8.8 years; body mass index 23.4 ± 2.5 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that the total skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.001) were negatively and age (P < 0.001) were positively associated with VFA. Lower limb muscle mass (P < 0.001) was strongly associated with VFA. However, total caloric intake, total energy expenditure, and energy expenditure during exercise were not associated with VFA. CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal muscle mass especially lower limb muscle mass negatively contributes to visceral fat mass in healthy men. Therefore, maintaining lower limb muscular fitness through daily activity may be a useful strategy for controlling visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome

Three dimensional motion analyses for rehabilitation version of Awa Odori exercise and the expectancy of physical effects

‘Awa Odori Exercise -Rehabilitation version- was developed in 2006 for the new trial of physical exercise for the aging and the impaired person with lower balance performance in Tokushima prefecture, Japan. Public relations of this exercise had been spreading over Tokushima since then. The characteristics of the exercise were highly familiar with most of people in Tokushima because of popularity in original ‘Awa Odori’. This study proposed the efficacies of Awa Odori Exercise as a rehabilitation exercise. This exercise expected the flexible balance reinforcements and the substitution for walking training with prevention of fall, bedridden and participating restriction for the old people, also promoting the health in Tokushima

Anti-COX-2 autoantibody is a novel biomarker of immune aplastic anemia

In immune aplastic anemia (IAA), severe pancytopenia results from the immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells. Several autoantibodies have been reported, but no clinically applicable autoantibody tests are available for IAA. We screened autoantibodies using a microarray containing >9000 proteins and validated the findings in a large international cohort of IAA patients (n = 405) and controls (n = 815). We identified a novel autoantibody that binds to the C-terminal end of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2, aCOX-2 Ab). In total, 37% of all adult IAA patients tested positive for aCOX-2 Ab, while only 1.7% of the controls were aCOX-2 Ab positive. Sporadic non-IAA aCOX-2 Ab positive cases were observed among patients with related bone marrow failure diseases, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes, whereas no aCOX-2 Ab seropositivity was detected in the healthy controls, in patients with non-autoinflammatory diseases or rheumatoid arthritis. In IAA, anti-COX-2 Ab positivity correlated with age and the HLA-DRB1*15:01 genotype. 83% of the >40 years old IAA patients with HLA-DRB1*15:01 were anti-COX-2 Ab positive, indicating an excellent sensitivity in this group. aCOX-2 Ab positive IAA patients also presented lower platelet counts. Our results suggest that aCOX-2 Ab defines a distinct subgroup of IAA and may serve as a valuable disease biomarker.Peer reviewe