MOESM1 of The effect of carbamic acid, (1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-ylcarbonyl)-hexyl ester on Peronophythora litchii infection, quality and physiology of postharvest litchi fruits

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Identification of 4 phenolic compounds in HPLC chromatogram, a=procyanidin B1; b=catechin; c=(−)- epicatechin and d=(−)- epicatechin −3-gallate, there retention time were 16.3, 18.4, 20.9 and 22.3 min, respectively. Figure S2. The disease incidence of non-P. litchii-inoculated fruits in Control, MIC and MFC treatments after 6 days of storage. Figure S3. The disease incidence of P. litchii-inoculated fruits in Control, MIC and MFC treatments after 6 days of storage

Hepatoprotective Activity and Mechanisms of Prenylated Stilbenoids

Dietary prenylated stilbenoids, found in various food sources, offer multiple health benefits, including liver protection. However, the underlying mechanisms of hepatoprotection remain unclear. In this study, we synthesized 13 natural prenylated stilbenoids and examined their hepatoprotective activities, with silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue-1 (SIRT1) as the primary target for screening. Among all of the prenylated stilbenoids tested, 4-C-geranyl oxyresveratrol demonstrated superior performance. It activated SIRT1 activity more effectively than resveratrol, a well-known SIRT1 activator. To further investigate the mechanism of liver protection, two in vitro models were used: the palmitic acid-induced lipid accumulation model and the H2O2-induced apoptosis model. Our findings suggested that 4-C-geranyl oxyresveratrol mitigated lipid accumulation through the SIRT1-PGC1α pathway, reduced apoptosis via the SIRT1-p53-p21 pathway, and exerted antioxidant effects through the SIRT1-Nrf2 pathway. These findings provide new insights into the chemical basis of the health benefits of prenylated stilbenoids and their potential use as functional food additives

Plant Prenylflavonoids and Prenyltransferases Related to their Biosynthesis

As the most widely distributed phenolic compounds in the plant kingdom, flavonoids play an integral role in plant reproduction and defense. Also, they represent many important quality traits of edible plants like color and antioxidants, and have a variety of biological activities beneficial to human health. To diversify the functions of synthesized flavonoids, plants have evolved various enzymes to perform structural modifications on different flavonoid backbones. One of these modifications is prenylation, which refers to the attachment of an isoprenoid moiety, most commonly a prenyl (C5) group. Numerous structure-activity analyses of prenylflavonoids have shown that isopentenyl substitutions at specific sites can significantly expand and enhance their chemical properties, bioactivities and potential health benefits. This review summarizes prenylflavonoids reported so far in all plant species and highlights the current knowledge on naturally occurring prenyltransferases from different biological sources that can act on plant flavonoids to synthesize prenylflavonoids. Most of them have strict flavonoid substrate- and regio-specificities, and they provide a valuable gene repository to facilitate the efficient scale-up production of flavonoids with specific prenylation patterns in cell factories. To truly achieve this goal, it is necessary to explore more diversified natural prenyltransferases, and to optimize the bioreactors system such as pathway regulation and modular co-culture engineering in the future.</p

Relationship between Sucrose Metabolism and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis During Ripening in Chinese Bayberry Fruit

Two cultivars of Chinese bayberry fruit cvs ‘Dongkui’ and ‘Biqi’ with five different ripening stages were used to investigate the relationship between anthocyanin biosynthesis and sugar metabolism during fruit development. The results showed that anthocynin accumulated with the increased ripening stage in both of the two cultivars of bayberries. As compared to ‘Biqi’ fruit, a higher level of anthocyanin content was observed in ‘Dongkui’ fruit due to the increased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes especially <i>MrCHI</i>, <i>MrDFR1</i>, <i>MrANS</i>, and <i>MrMYB1</i>. Meanwhile, ‘Dongkui’ fruit also experienced higher levels of soluble sugars including sucrose, glucose, and fructose and expression of genes such as <i>MrSPS1</i>, <i>MrSPS2</i>, <i>MrSPS3</i>, <i>MrINV1</i>, <i>MrINV2</i>, and <i>MrINV3</i> involved in sugar metabolism. Correlation analysis showed anthocyanin content had a significant relationship with all the three soluble sugars in bayberry fruit. Therefore, our results suggested that the higher anthocyanin content in ‘Dongkui’ fruit might be associated with its increased levels of soluble sugars

DataSheet_1_Pomelo seed oil: Natural insecticide against cowpea aphid.docx

Cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) is a plant pest that causes serious damage to vegetable crops. Extensive use of synthetic chemical pesticides causes deleterious effects on consumers as well as the environment. Hence, the search for environmentally friendly insecticides in the management of cowpea aphids is required. The present work aims to investigate the aphicidal activity of pomelo seed oil (PSO) on cowpea aphids, the possible insecticidal mechanisms, its chemical constituent profile, as well as the toxicity of its primary compounds. The results of the toxicity assay showed that PSO had significant insecticidal activity against aphids with a 72-hour LC50 value of 0.09 μg/aphid and 3.96 mg/mL in the contact and residual toxicity assay, respectively. The enzymatic activity of both glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) significantly decreased, as well as the total protein content, after PSO treatment, which suggested that the reduction of AChE, GST, and the total protein content in aphids treated with PSO might be responsible for the mortality of A. craccivora. The GC-MS analysis revealed that PSO contained limonene (22.86%), (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (20.21%), n-hexadecanoic acid (15.79%), (2E,4E)-2,4-decadienal (12.40%), and (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienal (7.77%) as its five major compounds. Furthermore, (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid showed higher toxicity to aphids than both PSO and thiamethoxam (positive control). This study emphasized the potential of PSO as a natural plant-derived insecticide in controlling cowpea aphids and also provided a novel approach for the value-added utilization of pomelo seed.</p

Comparison of the evolution and the application of the portuguese and the spanish subjunctive

The present study tries to point out the most important differences between the Portuguese and the Spanish subjunctive mood. The purpose was not a statistical list of the distribution of particular expressions as the extent of the study does not permit it. Therefore, we also had to leave out some topics such as for example the sequence of tenses or temporal issues. This one is mentioned only marginally. Nevertheless, there are no substantial differences between the two languages in this respect. Altough it might be relatively difficult to separate temporal and modal aspect, we mainly focused on the modal alternation. We can consider three possible meanings of the subjunctive mood in both languages. The first one has its own modal value and is in the opposition with the indicative mood. This happens mainly in the subordinate adjectival clauses, after some expressions in noun clauses and after some prepositional expressions in circumstantial clauses. In the second case, the subjunctive mood depends on another modal expression and only repeats redundantly the modal value of the head element. This happens especially in main clauses, in noun clauses and in curcumstantial clauses. The last case represents the subjunctive form having assertive value, while losing its functional value. It comprises only the formal..

Additional file 4: of A genetic variant of the NTCP gene is associated with HBV infection status in a Chinese population

Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of 33 HBV-relative HCC patients according to the genotypes of rs4646287. Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of 33 HBV-relative HCC patients according to the genotypes of rs4646287 were decripted in this table. No significant differences of these clinical characteristics were observed between the two genotype groups of rs4646287. (DOC 40 kb