Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal composition affects the growth and nutrient acquisition of two plants from a karst area

How the composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community affects plant traits of different plant species in karst environments is poorly understood. Broussonetia papyrifera (a woody shrub) and Bidens pilosa (a herbaceous plant) growing in pots in limestone soil were inoculated with an AM fungus, either Funneliformis mosseae (FM), Diversispora versiformis (DV) or Glomus diaphanum (GD) or with an inoculum mixture of all three AM fungi (bn). B. papyrifera and B. pilosa seedlings inoculated with AM fungi showed a significant increase in biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition compared with the controls, which lacked mycorrhiza. Mixed fungal inoculations significantly enhanced biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition by B. papyrifera seedlings compared with single fungal inoculations. Nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition by B. papyrifera mycorrhizal seedlings was significantly greater than that of B. pilosa mycorrhizal seedlings. Fungal composition significantly influenced the mycorrhizal benefits of biomass and phosphorus acquisition and mixed fungal inoculations enhanced nitrogen acquisition. Plant species significantly affected nitrogen acquisition but did not have an effect on biomass and phosphorus benefits. We concluded that AM fungal associations increased plant growth and nutrient absorption and that in general a mixed inoculation of AM fungi enhanced biomass and nutrient acquisition more than a single AM fungal inoculation. In addition, a mycorrhizal association was more beneficial for B. papyrifera seedlings in terms of biomass and nutrient acquisition than for B. pilosa seedlings

Geochronological, elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of the Triassic post-collisional granitic rocks in NW Thailand and its Paleotethyan implications

This study was jointly funded by the National Science Foundation of China (41190073), National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB440901 and 2016YFC0600303) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities to SYSU.New U-Pb geochronological, petrologic, elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic data for the granites from the Inthanon and Sukhothai zones in NW Thailand in conjunction with correlations with SW China are presented to constrain the age and position of the Paleotethys Ocean in this region and the associated assembly of Southeast Asia. The geochronological data show that the granitic rocks in the Inthanon and Sukhothai zones, herein named Group 1 and Group 2 granites, respectively, yield similar crystallization ages of 230-200 Ma. Group 1 samples are characterized by monzogranite and granite with I- and S-type geochemical affinity and Group 2 samples by I-type monzogranite and granodiorite. They have generally similar chondrite-normalized REE and PM- normalized multi-element patterns but distinct Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic compositions. Group 1 samples have slightly higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7111- 0.7293) but lower εNd(t) values (-11.1 ~ -14.1) than those of Group 2 samples (87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.7073-0.7278 and εNd(t)=-8.3 ~ -11.0). Group 1 samples show the lower εHf(t) values (-5.4 ~ -18.2), older TDM (1.62-2.40 Ga) and higher δ18O values (+ 7.95-+9.94) than those of Group 2 samples (εHf(t) of -11.1-+4.80, TDM of 0.96-1.95 Ga and δ18O of + 4.95 ~+7.98) for the Triassic crystallization zircons. These geochemical signatures are similar to the Kwangsian and Indosinian granites in the South China and Indochina blocks but distinct from those of the Gangdese I-type granite and Sibumasu Paleozoic granite. Our data suggest that Group 1 samples mainly originated from the early Paleozoic supracrustal rocks containing metapelite and metavolcanic components, which had previously experienced the surface weathering. Group 2 samples were derived from a hybridized source of an old metamorphic and a newly underplated mafic component. Synthesis of our data with available regional observations indicate that the Inthanon zone represents the main suture zone of the eastern Paleotethyan Ocean in NW Thailand and links with the Changning-Menglian suture zone in SW Yunnan (SW China). In NW Thailand, a switch from the eastward subduction of the Paleotethyan oceanic plate to the collision of the Sibumasu with Indochina blocks occurred at ~ 237 Ma, and syn- and post-collisional time being at ~ 237-230 Ma and ~ 200-230 Ma, respectively. The late Triassic granites in the Inthanon and Sukhothai zones are representative of the post-collisional magmatic products.PostprintPeer reviewe

Origin of Permian OIB-like basalts in NW Thailand and implication on the Paleotethyan Ocean

Financial support from National Science Foundation of China (41190073, 41372198 and 40490613), National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB440901 and 2016YFC0600303) and “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities to SYSU” are gratefully acknowledged.The basaltic rocks in NW Thailand belong to part of giant Southeast Asian igneous zone that delineates the extension of the Paleotethyan Ocean from SW China into NW Thailand. The Chiang Mai basaltic samples from the Chiang Dao, Fang, Lamphun and Ban Sahakorn sections are divisible into two groups of high-iron basalt. Group 1 has SiO2 of 38.30–49.18 wt.%, FeOt of 13.09–25.37 wt.%, MgO of 8.38–1.60 wt.%, TiO2 of 3.92–6.30 wt.%, which is rarely observed in nature. Group 2 shows SiO2 = 44.71–49.21 wt.%, FeOt = 10.88–14.34 wt.%, MgO = 5.24–16.11 wt.%, TiO2 = 2.22–3.07 wt.% and mg# = 44–70. Olivine and pyroxene are responsible for the fractionation of the Group 2 magma whereas low oxygen fugacity during the late-stage differentiation of the Group 1 magma prolonged fractionation of ilmenite and magnetite. The onset of ilmenite and magnetite fractionations controls the distinct differentiation commencing at MgO = ~ 7 wt.%. Both groups show similar REE and primitive mantle-normalized patterns with insignificant Eu, Nb-Ta and Zr-Hf anomalies. They have similar Nd isotopic compositions with εNd(t) values ranging from + 2.8 to + 3.7 and similar Nb/La, Nb/U, Th/La, Zr/Nb, Th/Ta, La/Yb, Nb/Th, Nb/Y and Zr/Y, resembling those of OIB-like rocks. The representative basaltic sample yields the argon plateau age of 282.3 ± 1.4 Ma, suggestive of early Permian origin. Our data argue for Group 1 and Group 2 are coeval in the intra-oceanic seamount setting within the Paleotethyan Ocean, which at least continued till 283 Ma. These data, along with other observations, suggest that the Inthanon zone defines the main Paleotethyan suture zone, which northerly links with the Changning-Menglian zone in SW China.PostprintPeer reviewe

Positioning rub of the aero-engine based on acoustic emission and Mathematical Morphology in noise background

AbstractAiming at the practical requirement of locating and diagnosis of aero-engine rub fault and the impact of noise on the positioning accuracy, this paper introduces Mathematical Morphology to preprocess the acoustic emission (AE) signals, and uses Matrix Locating Method to confirm rub fault and its position: firstly, the improved Matrix Locating Method and Mathematical Morphology are introduced by referring the rub AE source locating; then, the rub AE signals were collected by sensor arrays on the case of rub fault simulated test-bed, and locating precisions of some typical issues are compared between before and after using morphology filter, and the results show that the introduction of Mathematical Morphology receives favorable effect on AE locating of rub fault in noise background

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Composition Affects the Growth and Nutrient Acquisition of Two Plants from a Karst Area

How the composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community affects plant traits of different plant species in karst environments is poorly understood. Broussonetia papyrifera (a woody shrub) and Bidens pilosa (a herbaceous plant) growing in pots in limestone soil were inoculated with an AM fungus, either Funneliformis mosseae (FM), Diversispora versiformis (DV) or Glomus diaphanum (GD) or with an inoculum mixture of all three AM fungi (bn). B. papyrifera and B. pilosa seedlings inoculated with AM fungi showed a significant increase in biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition compared with the controls, which lacked mycorrhiza. Mixed fungal inoculations significantly enhanced biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition by B. papyrifera seedlings compared with single fungal inoculations. Nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition by B. papyrifera mycorrhizal seedlings was significantly greater than that of B. pilosa mycorrhizal seedlings. Fungal composition significantly influenced the mycorrhizal benefits of biomass and phosphorus acquisition and mixed fungal inoculations enhanced nitrogen acquisition. Plant species significantly affected nitrogen acquisition but did not have an effect on biomass and phosphorus benefits. We concluded that AM fungal associations increased plant growth and nutrient absorption and that in general a mixed inoculation of AM fungi enhanced biomass and nutrient acquisition more than a single AM fungal inoculation. In addition, a mycorrhizal association was more beneficial for B. papyrifera seedlings in terms of biomass and nutrient acquisition than for B. pilosa seedlings

Nitrogen transfer from one plant to another depends on plant biomass production between conspecific and heterospecific species via a common arbuscular mycorrhizal network

The formation of a common mycorrhizal network (CMN) between roots of different plant species enables nutrient transfers from one plant to another and their coexistence. However, almost all studies on nutrient transfers between CMN-connected plants have separately, but not simultaneously, been demonstrated under the same experimentation. Both conspecific and heterospecific seedlings of Cinnamomum camphora, Bidens pilosa, and Broussonetia papyrifera native to a karst habitat in southwest China were concurrently grown in a growth microcosm that had seven hollowed compartments (six around one in the center) being covered by 35.0-μm and/or 0.45-μm nylon mesh. The Ci. camphora in the central compartment was supplied with or without Glomus etunicatum and 15 N to track N transfers between CMN-connected conspecific and heterospecific seedlings. The results showed as follows: significant greater nitrogen accumulations, biomass productions, 15 N content, % N transfer , and the N transfer amount between receiver plant species ranked as Br. papyrifera≈Bi. pilosa > Ci. camphora under both M + and M − , and as under M + than under M − for Ci. camphora but not for both Bi. Pilosa and Br. papyrifera; the CMN transferred more nitrogen ( 15 N content, % N transfer , and N transfer amount) from the donor Ci. camphora to the heterospecific Br. papyrifera and Bi. pilosa, with a lower percentage of nitrogen derived from transfer (%NDFT). These findings suggest that the CMN may potentially regulate the nitrogen transfer from a donor plant to individual heterospecific receiver plants, where the ratio of nitrogen derived from transfer depends on the biomass strength of the individual plants

Mining and Representing the Concept Space of Existing Ideas for Directed Ideation

AbstractDesign innovation projects often generate large numbers of design ideas from designers, users, and, increasingly, the crowd over the Internet. Such idea data are often used for selection and implementation but, in fact, can 1also be used as sources of inspiration for further idea generation. In particular, the elementary concepts that underlie the original ideas can be recombined to generate new ideas. But it is not a trivial task to retrieve concepts from raw lists of ideas and data sources in a manner that can stimulate or generate new ideas. A significant difficulty lies in the fact that idea data are often expressed in unstructured natural languages. This paper develops a methodology that uses natural language processing to extract key words as elementary concepts embedded in massive idea descriptions and represents the elementary concept space in a core–periphery structure to direct the recombination of elementary concepts into new ideas. We apply the methodology to mine and represent the concept space underlying massive crowdsourced ideas and use it to generate new ideas for future transportation system designs in a real public sector-sponsored project via humans and automated computer programs. Our analysis of the human and computer recombination processes and outcomes sheds light on future research directions for artificial intelligence in design ideation.</jats:p

How interacting fungal species and mineral nitrogen inputs affect transfer of nitrogen from litter via arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium

In the karst landscape, widespread in the world including southern China, soil nutrient supply is strongly constrained. In such environments, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may facilitate plant nutrient uptake. However, the possible role of different AM fungal species, and their interactions, especially in transferring nitrogen (N) from litter to plant, is poorly understood. We conducted two microcosm experiments to investigate the role that two karst soil AM fungi, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mosseae, play in the transfer of N from decomposing litter to the host plant and to determine how N availability influences these processes. In experiment 1, Cinnamomum camphora tree seedlings were grown in compartments inoculated with G. etunicatum. Lolium perenne leaf litter labeled with δ15N was added to the soil in unplanted compartments. Compartments containing the δ15N labeled litter were either accessible to hyphae but not to seedling roots or were not accessible to hyphae or roots. The addition of mineral N to one of the host compartments at the start of the experiment significantly increased the biomass of the C. camphora seedlings, N content and N:P ratio, AM mycelium length, and soil microbial biomass carbon and N. However, significantly, more δ15N was acquired, from the leaf litter by the AM hyphae and transferred to the host when mineral N was not added to the soil. In experiment 2, in which C. camphora seedlings were inoculated with both G. etunicatum and G. mosseae rather than with G. mosseae alone, there was a significant increase in mycelial growth (50.21%), in soil microbial biomass carbon (417.73%) in the rhizosphere, and in the amount of δ15N that was transferred to the host. These findings suggest that maintaining AM fungal diversity in karst soils could be important for mediating N transfer from organic material to host plants in N-poor soils

How interacting fungal species and mineral nitrogen inputs affect transfer of nitrogen from litter via arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium

In the karst landscape, widespread in the world including southern China, soil nutrient supply is strongly constrained. In such environments, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may facilitate plant nutrient uptake. However, the possible role of different AM fungal species, and their interactions, especially in transferring nitrogen (N) from litter to plant, is poorly understood. We conducted two microcosm experiments to investigate the role that two karst soil AM fungi, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mosseae, play in the transfer of N from decomposing litter to the host plant and to determine how N availability influences these processes. In experiment 1, Cinnamomum camphora tree seedlings were grown in compartments inoculated with G. etunicatum. Lolium perenne leaf litter labeled with delta N-15 was added to the soil in unplanted compartments. Compartments containing the delta N-15 labeled litter were either accessible to hyphae but not to seedling roots or were not accessible to hyphae or roots. The addition of mineral N to one of the host compartments at the start of the experiment significantly increased the biomass of the C. camphora seedlings, N content and N:P ratio, AM mycelium length, and soil microbial biomass carbon and N. However, significantly, more delta N-15 was acquired, from the leaf litter by the AM hyphae and transferred to the host when mineral N was not added to the soil. In experiment 2, in which C. camphora seedlings were inoculated with both G. etunicatum and G. mosseae rather than with G. mosseae alone, there was a significant increase in mycelial growth (50.21%), in soil microbial biomass carbon (417.73%) in the rhizosphere, and in the amount of delta N-15 that was transferred to the host. These findings suggest that maintaining AM fungal diversity in karst soils could be important for mediating N transfer from organic material to host plants in N-poor soils

On the Sparse Gradient Denoising Optimization of Neural Network Models for Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Illustrated by a Ship Propulsion System

The drive rolling bearing is an important part of a ship&rsquo;s system; the detection of the drive rolling bearing is an important component in ship-fault diagnosis, and machine learning methods are now widely used in the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. However, training methods based on small batches have a disadvantage in that the samples which best represent the gradient descent direction can be disturbed by either other samples in the opposite direction or anomalies. Aiming at this problem, a sparse denoising gradient descent (SDGD) optimization algorithm, based on the impact values of network nodes, was proposed to improve the updating method of the batch gradient. First, the network is made sparse by using the node weight method based on the mean impact value. Second, the batch gradients are clustered via a distribution-density-based clustering method. Finally, the network parameters are updated using the gradient values after clustering. The experimental results show the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed method. The SDGD model can achieve up to a 2.35% improvement in diagnostic accuracy compared to the traditional network diagnosis model. The training convergence speed of the SDGD model improves by 2.16%, up to 17.68%. The SDGD model can effectively solve the problem of falling into the local optimum point while training a network