Why do people contribute to open source software? : the motivations of the different contributors to OSS projects, and how their participation is characterized

Open source software has seen a significant evolution in the last few years. From relatively niche products and free alternative solutions to mass commercial software, OSS has been adopted by some of the largest companies in technology as a viable mean to create some of the most used programs and operating systems nowadays. The past research on this topic has approached the benefits of this perspective, the roles within the communities and the motivations of its contributors. However, there has not been research that has approached a detailed definition of the profiles within these communities, and how these contributors are motivated. In this research, we defined four profiles within the OSS communities, based on personality traits, as well as taking into account the reasons that lead them to choose the project in which they participate. Furthermore, we characterized these profiles of contributors from the nature of their contribution in OSS projects to demographics. Finally, we assessed the main motivations that drive each of these groups, finding that there are significant differences of motivations between the profiles, particularly in an intrinsic level. Finally, we assessed the difference between groups concerning reasons for contributors to increase their participation, and found, once again, that there are significant differences between groups in what would lead them to participate more. This research found that there is potential for organizations to select the contributors that are a better fit for their communities, and target their motivations and preferred incentives.O software de open source (OSS) tem experienciado uma evolução significativa nos últimos anos. De produtos de nicho e soluções grátis alternativas para software comercial distribuído em massa, OSS foi adotado por algumas das maiores empresas de tecnologia como um meio viável para criar alguns dos programas e sistemas operativos mais utilizados nos dias de hoje. A literatura existente sobre este tema abordou os benefícios desta perspetiva, os papéis dentro das comunidades e as motivações de seus contribuidores. No entanto, não há até à data, segundo nosso conhecimento, estudos que tenham abordado uma definição detalhada dos perfis dentro dessas comunidades e como esses contribuidores são motivados. No presente estudo, definimos quatro perfis dentro das comunidades OSS, com base em traços de personalidade, bem como tendo em conta as razões que os levam a escolher o projeto em que participam. Além disso, caracterizamos esses perfis de contribuidores, desde a natureza da sua contribuição em projetos de OSS até a dados demográficos. Foram também avaliadas as principais motivações de cada um desses grupos, concluindo que existem diferenças significativas de motivações entre os perfis, particularmente a um nível intrínseco. Finalmente, estudámos a diferença entre os grupos relativamente às razões que levariam os contribuidores a aumentar sua participação e verificámos, uma vez mais, que existem diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Esta pesquisa concluiu que existe potencial para as organizações de selecionar os contribuidores que se ajustam melhor às suas comunidades, e segmentar as suas motivações e incentivos preferenciais

Kaon Production and Kaon to Pion Ratio in Au+Au Collisions at \snn=130 GeV

Mid-rapidity transverse mass spectra and multiplicity densities of charged and neutral kaons are reported for Au+Au collisions at \snn=130 GeV at RHIC. The spectra are exponential in transverse mass, with an inverse slope of about 280 MeV in central collisions. The multiplicity densities for these particles scale with the negative hadron pseudo-rapidity density. The charged kaon to pion ratios are $K^+/\pi^- = 0.161 \pm 0.002 {\rm (stat)} \pm 0.024 {\rm (syst)}$ and $K^-/\pi^- = 0.146 \pm 0.002 {\rm (stat)} \pm 0.022 {\rm (syst)}$ for the most central collisions. The $K^+/\pi^-$ ratio is lower than the same ratio observed at the SPS while the $K^-/\pi^-$ is higher than the SPS result. Both ratios are enhanced by about 50% relative to p+p and $\bar{\rm p}$+p collision data at similar energies.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Mid-rapidity anti-proton to proton ratio from Au+Au collisions at sNN=130 \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV

We report results on the ratio of mid-rapidity anti-proton to proton yields in Au+Au collisions at \rts = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of $|y|<0.5$ and 0.4 $<p_t<$ 1.0 GeV/$c$, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of $0.65\pm 0.01_{\rm (stat.)} \pm 0.07_{\rm (syst.)}$ for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the $p$-\pb pair production becomes important at mid-rapidity, a significant excess of baryons over anti-baryons is still present.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. Let

Strange anti-particle to particle ratios at mid-rapidity in sqrt(s_NN)= 130 GeV Au+Au Collisions

Values of the ratios in the mid-rapidity yields of anti-Lambda/Lambda = 0.71 +/- 0.01(stat.) +/- 0.04(sys.), anti-Xi+/Xi- = 0.83 +/- 0.04(stat.) +/- 0.05 (sys.), anti-Omega+/Omega- = 0.95 +/- 0.15(stat) +/- 0.05(sys.) and K+/K- 1.092 +/- 0.023(combined) were obtained in central sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV Au+Au collisions using the STAR detector. The ratios indicate that a fraction of the net-baryon number from the initial system is present in the excess of hyperons over anti-hyperons at mid-rapidity. The trend in the progression of the baryon ratios, with increasing strange quark content, is similar to that observed in heavy-ion collisions at lower energies. The value of these ratios may be related to the charged kaon ratio in the framework of simple quark-counting and thermal models.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, revtex4, now accepted by Physics Letters B. All figures improved for clarity, fig. 2 now has kaon ratio separated by technique, fig. 3 now has additional other RHIC data points. Minor clarifications in text in response to referee comments. Updated ref