Numerical Simulation of Multicomponent Ion Beam from Ion Sources

A program library for numerical simulation of a multicomponent charged particle beam from ion sources is presented. The library is aimed for simulation of high current, low energy multicomponent ion beam from ion source through beamline and realized under the Windows user interface for the IBM PC. It is used for simulation and optimization of beam dynamics and based on successive and consistent application of two methods: the momentum method of distribution function (RMS technique) and particle in cell method. The library has been used to simulate and optimize the transportation of tantalum ion beam from the laser ion source (CERN) and calcium ion beam from the ECR ion source (JINR, Dubna)

Number of Confirmation Blocks for Bitcoin and GHOST Consensus Protocols on Networks with Delayed Message Delivery

A specific number of transaction confirmation blocks determines average time of receiving and accepting payments at cryptocurrencies, and the shortest confirmation time for the same level of blockchain security provides the best user properties. Existing papers on transaction confirmation blocks for Bitcoin use implicit assumption of prompt spreading of Bitcoin blocks over the network (that is not always the case for the real world conditions). The newer publications with rigorous analysis and proofs of Bitcoin blockchain properties that take into account network delays provide asymptotic estimates, with no specific numbers for transaction confirmation blocks. We propose three methods for determination of required number of confirmation blocks for Bitcoin and GHOST on networks with delayed message delivery with different models that take into account the possibility of faster adversarial node syncronization. For the GHOST we propose the first (to our knowledge) strict theoretical method that allows to get required number of confirmation blocks for a given attacker’s hashrate and attack success probability

АППАРАТНАЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ БИОМЕХАНИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ПО ДАННЫМ ОСЦИЛЛОМЕТРИИ

The apparatus requirements and preliminary results of development of special program and apparatus system «SPAS» for heart and blood vessels diagnostics by oscillometry method have been described. The estimation of apparatus realization using PIC16f870i/sp controller have been given.Изложены аппаратурные требования и предварительные результаты разработки специализированного программно-аппаратного средства «СПАС» диагностики сердца и сосудов методом осциллометрии. Дана оценка возможностей реализации аппаратной части на базе микроконтроллера PIC16f870i/sp. ter-spacing:.05pt'>lumina substrate and preconcentrator geometry

Anthrax in the East Kazakhstan Region

Almost every year in Kazakhstan, cases of diseases of animals and people with anthrax are recorded. The incidence rate of people with anthrax in the period from 2000 to 2018 ranged from 0.01 to 0.24 per 100 thousand people. In the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, the incidence rate is higher than in the republic.Objective: a retrospective analysis of anthrax outbreaks in the East Kazakhstan region from 2000 to 2018.Methods: a retrospective analysis using statistical, cadastral data, archival funds, the results of participation in the investigation of outbreaks of infection.Results. Since 1938, cases of animal and human disease of anthrax have been recorded in East Kazakhstan. Infection of humans occurs during the slaughter of animals. In Zharma, Urjar, and Ayagozskiy areas most of all are anthrax foci of soil. In 67 % of cases, outbreaks of anthrax were recorded in these areas.Conclusion. The relative incidence rate of anthrax in people in East Kazakhstan is from 0.07 to 0.27, since 2001 it is higher than the republican indicator.In the East Kazakhstan region from 1997 to 2018, 37 people fell ill with anthrax. The form of the disease is skin, in 8.1 % secondary sepsis. In the remaining patients, the diseases were mild (70.3 %), ended in recovery. The source of human infection is mainly cattle. The isolated strains of B. anthracis have typical properties, they are included in cluster A1a, A3b (MLVA-8). The strains isolated in 2016 are similar to the strains isolated in the Almaty region (MLVA-25). Grouped with a number of European, Asian and African strains from France, Germany, Italy, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Korea and Namibia. The presence of a significant number of soil foci of anthrax in the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, not fully the implementation of veterinary and sanitary preventive measures leads to an exacerbation of the situation for anthrax

Роль российских и советских ученых в разработке сибиреязвенных вакцин

In Russia in the second half of the XIX century research schools, developing anthrax vaccines for agriculture were formed. Their level was highly competitive with the Western analogues. At the end of the 1930 Soviet military scientists were the first in the world to create the anthrax vaccine for medical use on the basis of the spores of unencapsulated live strains of B. anthracis. In the 1940-1960-ies Russian scientists determined the principles of the development of anthrax vaccines, which allowed to avoid failures of their Western colleagues, when developing the vaccines capable of protecting the population from biological weapons with anthrax spores as the harmful agent. Russian military scientists in the 1990s managed to keep the vaccine strains of anthrax bacteria and restore the technological capability for their manufacture, which helps to protect the population of the Russian Federation from natural anthrax outbreaks and from biological terror. At a time when there is a need in creating immunity in humans against infection caused by inhalation of anthrax spores, the most reasonable decision for the upcoming decades is to use the domestic combined vaccine that combines unencapsulated live strains of Bacillus anthracis and anthrax toxin protective antigen.В России во второй половине XIX в. сформировались школы исследователей, разрабатывающие сибиреязвенные вакцины для нужд сельского хозяйства. По своему уровню они не уступали западным аналогичным школам. В конце 1930-х гг. советскими военными учеными первыми в мире была создана сибиреязвенная вакцина на основе спор живых бескап-сульных штаммов Bacillus anthracis, предназначенная для медицинского применения. Выбранные в 1940-1960-е гг. отечественными учеными направления разработки сибиреязвенных вакцин позволили избежать неудач, с которыми столкнулись западные исследователи при разработке вакцин, способных защитить население от биологического оружия, использующего в качестве поражающего агента споры возбудителя сибирской язвы. Благодаря усилиям российских военных ученых в 1990-е гг. удалось сохранить вакцинные штаммы сибиреязвенного микроба и восстановить технологические мощности по их производству, что позволяет защитить население Российской Федерации от природных вспышек сибирской язвы и возможных актов биологического террора. В условиях, когда необходимо создать у человека иммунитет к ингаляционному заражению спорами возбудителя сибирской язвы, в ближайшие десятилетия наиболее оптимальным будет применение отечественной комбинированной вакцины, сочетающей споры живых бескапсульных штаммов B. anthracis и протективный антиген сибиреязвенного токсина

Response of the ATLAS tile calorimeter prototype to muons

A study of high energy muons traversing the ATLAS hadron Tile calorimeter in the barrel region in the energy range between 10 and 300~GeV is presented. Both test beam experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations are given and show good agreement. The Tile calorimeter capability of detecting isolated muons over the above energy range is demonstrated. A signal to background ratio of about 10 is expected for the nominal LHC luminosity ($10^{34} cm^{-2} sec^{-1}$). The photoelectron statistics effect in the muon shape response is shown. The e/mip ratio is found to be $0.81 \pm 0.03$; the e/$\mu$ ratio is in the range 0.91 - 0.97. The energy loss of a muon in the calorimeter, dominated by the energy lost in the absorber, can be correlated to the energy loss in the active material. This correlation allows one to correct on an event by event basis the muon energy loss in the calorimeter and therefore reduce the low energy tails in the muon momentum distribution

Approaches to Reduce Adverse Effect of Vaccinia Virus in Orally Immunized Mice

Objective of the investigation was to model the adverse action of vaccinia virus (VV), caused by oral immunization of mice and to evaluate efficacy of its reduction, using therapeutic and prophylactic drugs. Materials and methods. Virological and immunological research methods were used. Results and conclusions. Reproduced was pathological action of VV in the orally infected mice. The ability to reduce the side effect and protect mice from lethal infection was demonstrated by such preparations as Metisazon, Likopid, and NIOCH-14 orally administered in the investigated schemes. Moreover preliminary single oral immunization with TEOVak smallpox vaccine before oral infection with Neurovaccine-92 strain of VV also lowered pathogenic effect and protected mice against death. All the investigated schemes of drug administration did not affect the immune response if used alongside with TEOVak smallpox vaccine and can be deployed to develop safe schemes of primary oral vaccination against smallpox. In addition, such drugs as Ribomunil, Immudon, Ingavirin can be used as means to enhance the immune response to smallpox vaccines